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The purpose of the article was to analyze the availability of justice within the Ukrainian administrative judicial system, examining its specific features in terms of martial law and the possibilities of its improvement, due to the implementation of European standards in Ukrainian legislation. The research methods used were: monographic analysis, analysis and synthesis, systemic, generalization, forecasting, etc. It has been found that the principle of access to justice is manifested in the ability of a person to receive unimpeded judicial protection and to apply for judicial protection of one's rights. It has been emphasized that the reform of the judicial procedure in the resolution of administrative disputes requires the earlier introduction of digital technologies and Artificial Intelligence technologies. This will help to ease the burden on the court system and judges, speed up the time of hearing court cases, reduce the costs of their storage and archiving, simplify the presentation of statements and evidence in court, etc. It is concluded that the implementation of the European standards of the administrative process will lead to ensuring the appropriate degree of access to justice in Ukraine and increase public confidence in the judiciary.

The authors of the paper focused upon the general clause of social interest in the general administrative proceedings, as well as the proceedings before administrative courts and the administrative executive proceedings. Thus we got a comprehensive – although limited, considering the framework of the study – analysis of the function of this clause in the three main sets of proceedings constituting the system of administrative procedure. The paper discusses a complicated concept of social interest and its relationship to a concept of public interest. It must be emphasized that both of the terms mentioned above are used, among other things, in the regulations of the Code of Administrative Proceedings. The authors also analyze the questions regarding possibilities of a conflict between a social interest and an individual interest. ; Autorzy opracowania skupili swe rozważania na klauzuli generalnej interesu społecznego w ogólnym postępowaniu administracyjnym, postępowaniu sądowoadministracyjnym oraz postępowaniu egzekucyjnym w administracji. W ten sposób otrzymali kompleksową, aczkolwiek ograniczoną ze względu na ramy opracowania, analizę funkcji tej klauzuli w podstawowych postępowaniach systemu procedury administracyjnej. Artykuł wyjaśnia skomplikowane pojęcie interesu społecznego oraz jego stosunek do pojęcia interesu publicznego. Podkreślenia wymaga, że oba pojęcia występują choćby w przepisach kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego. Przedmiotem rozważań autorzy uczynili również kwestie dotyczące możliwości zaistnienia kolizji między interesem społecznym a interesem indywidualnym.

This article analyzes the principles of the administrative proceedings that have receivedthe legal consolidation of the Code of Administrative Procedure. Authors are encouragedto provide multi-level principles of administrative proceedings and their classification.The first group consists of general legal principles to be applied on the basis of thegeneral laws of all legal effects, as well as the fundamental provisions of the Constitution ofthe Russian Federation. The second group includes cross-sectoral (obscheprotsessualnye)principles common for other types of proceedings. The third group includes specific guidelinesto define the specific nature of the administrative proceedings and due to the natureand characteristics of administrative affairs.In the article the content of the basic principles of administrative proceedings: judicialindependence; equality of all before the law; law and justice in the consideration and resolutionof administrative cases; of the administrative proceedings within a reasonable timeand the execution of court decisions in administrative cases within a reasonable time; transparencyand openness of the trial; the immediacy of the proceedings; adversarial and equaladministrative proceedings with the active role of the court. This reflected the specifics ofthe application of general legal principles and inter it in the administrative proceedings.As a result, it concluded that the list of principles of administrative justice as enshrinedin the Code of Administrative Procedure, was not reflected a number of important and specialobscheprotsessualnyh principles proposed and discussed in the scientific literature. ; Статья посвящена анализу принципов административного судопроизводства, ко-торые получили правовое закрепление в Кодексе административного судопроизвод-ства РФ. Авторы предлагают выделять многоуровневую систему принципов админи-стративного судопроизводства и приводят их классификацию. Первую группу со-ставляют общеправовые принципы, применяемые исходя из общих закономерностейвсех правовых явлений, а также фундаментальных положений Конституции Россий-ской Федерации. Вторая группа включает в себя межотраслевые (общепроцессуаль-ные) принципы, характерные и для иных видов судопроизводства. В третью группуобъединены специальные принципы, которые определяют специфику администра-тивного судопроизводства и обусловлены характером и особенностями администра-тивных дел.В статье раскрыто содержание основных принципов административного судо-производства: независимости судей; равенства всех перед законом и судом; законно-сти и справедливости при рассмотрении и разрешении административных дел; осу-ществления административного судопроизводства в разумный срок и исполнениясудебных актов по административным делам в разумный срок; гласности и открыто-сти судебного разбирательства; непосредственности судебного разбирательства; со-стязательности и равноправия сторон административного судопроизводства при ак-тивной роли суда. При этом отражена специфика применения общеправовых и меж-отраслевых принципов именно в административном судопроизводстве.В результате сделан вывод о том, что в перечне принципов административногосудопроизводства, закрепленном в Кодексе административного судопроизводстваРФ, не нашел отражения ряд важных общепроцессуальных и специальных принци-пов, предлагаемых и обсуждаемых в научной литературе.

Chilean laws provide adequate public access to environmental information, but also provide exemptions from disclosure. The impairment and the trade secret exemptions can hinder transparency and public input when required in environmental-related adjudication and rule-making proceedings. Even they may be misused to avoid blame, therefore information not covered by these exemptions, yet sensitive for any reason, may be unduly withheld. While there is a public transparency watchdog, the Council for Transparency, issues regarding public access to information in environmental-related adjudication and rule-making proceedings can be reviewed by the Environmental Courts. This Article outlines some aspects of the Chilean general transparency and administrative procedures, and the environmental transparency rules, as related to public input in environmental adjudication and rule-making proceedings. Then it shows how the Judiciary has fought "the right to be ignorant".

Chilean laws provide adequate public access to environmental information, but also provide exemptions from disclosure. The impairment and the trade secret exemptions can hinder transparency and public input when required in environmental-related adjudication and rule-making proceedings. Even they may be misused to avoid blame, therefore information not covered by these exemptions, yet sensitive for any reason, may be unduly withheld. While there is a public transparency watchdog, the Council for Transparency, issues regarding public access to information in environmental-related adjudication and rule-making proceedings can be reviewed by the Environmental Courts. This Article outlines some aspects of the Chilean general transparency and administrative procedures, and the environmental transparency rules, as related to public input in environmental adjudication and rule-making proceedings. Then it shows how the Judiciary has fought "the right to be ignorant".

L'effettività della tutela cautelare, intesa come tutela tempestiva, adeguata e piena, è stata la linea cardine dell'evoluzione della giustizia amministrativa, che, nel corso di un periodo durato più di un secolo, grazie all'opera della giurisprudenza e della dottrina, si è strutturata oggi su un vero processo. Approdo recente, e allo stesso tempo, simbolo di questa evoluzione, è sicuramente il Codice del processo amministrativo emanato con il d. lgs. 2 luglio 2010, n. 104. La ricerca, di cui questo contributo costituisce un resoconto, è iniziata contestualmente all'entrata in vigore del nuovo testo, e quindi è stata anche l'occasione per vederne le prime applicazioni giurisprudenziali. In particolare la lettura del Codice, prescindendo da una mera ricognizione di tutto il suo lungo articolato, è stata fatta alla luce di una ponderazione, nell'attualità, non solo del principio di effettività, ma anche del principio di strumentalità che lega tradizionalmente la fase cautelare con la fase di merito. I risultati della ricerca manifestano la volontà del legislatore di confermare questo rapporto strumentale, per fronteggiare una deriva incontrollata verso una cautela dagli effetti alle volte irreversibili, quale verificatasi nell'applicazione giurisprudenziale, ma contestualmente evidenziano la volontà di estendere la portata della tutela cautelare. Guardando a cosa sia diventata oggi la tutela cautelare, si è assistito ad un rafforzamento degli effetti conformativi, tipici delle sentenze di merito ma che si sono estesi alla fase cautelare. I giudici, pur consapevoli che la tutela cautelare non sia una risposta a cognizione piena, bensì sommaria, intendono comunque garantire una tutela tempestiva ed effettiva, anche per il tramite di tecniche processuali particolari, come quella del remand, cui, all'interno della ricerca, viene dedicato ampio spazio. Nella sua ultima parte la ricerca si è focalizzata, sempre volendo guardare in maniera globale agli effetti della tutela cautelare, sul momento dell'esecuzione e quindi sul giudizio di ottemperanza. ; During more than a century, the core of administrative justice evolution was the effectiveness of interim legal protection, that is a protection timely adequate and full. Thanks to case law and doctrine contribution, it is now structured on a complete judicial proceeding. Issued by legislative decree no. 104 of 2010, the Code of Administrative Proceeding is symbolic of this evolution (from now on, the Code). The present research begun at the time when the Code entered into force. For this reason, it is an opportunity to examine its first judicial application. In particular, the study of the Code aimed to an evaluation in the light of principle of effectiveness and the principle of instrumentality. The latter bounds traditionally interim protection with the judgment not only in the administrative actions but in any type of actions. The results show, on the one hand, a legislative confirmation of this instrumental relationship, in order to face uncontrolled drifts towards irreversible effects of interim protection, as partially noticed in case law, on the other, a desire to extend the scope of protection pending trial. In order to point out what the interim protection has become today, it is necessary to consider concrete effects of such measures on an application level. In that regard, binding effects have been strengthened along with suspension effects or not. Binding effects towards administrative decisions, typical of annulment actions, are now extended to a pre-trial moment . Judges are aware though that interim protection is not a full knowledge solution. However, they intend to ensure a timely and effective protection, even by peculiar technical proceedings such as remand, deeply analysed during the research. Finally, the last part of the present research focused on execution and compliance, still in the light of the effects of interim protection.

Предметом исследования являются общие вопросы функционального статуса прокурора как субъекта административного судопроизводства, регламентируемого нормами недавно вступившего в силу Кодекса административного судопроизводства Российской Федерации. В целях выявления роли и места прокурора в системе административной юстиции авторы анализируют положения действующего материального и процессуального законодательства, судебную практику, правовую доктрину. Проведенное научно-аналитическое исследование позволило определить функциональные роли прокурора как участника процесса (административный истец; лицо, дающее заключение по делу; административный ответчик), установить перечень и содержание формальных требований, предъявляемых в отношении порядка реализации судебно-административных функций прокурора. Системный анализ норм, регламентирующих исполнение прокурором функции административного истца, позволил прийти к выводу о том, что с точки зрения процессуальных возможностей статус прокурора в целом аналогичен статусу иных административных истцов с определенными исключениями «ограничительного» и «расширительного» характера. Итогом исследовательской деятельности авторов стало позиционирование прокурора в качестве полифункционального субъекта административного судопроизводства с формально определенным статусом. Новизна исследования заключается в том, что оно является одной из немногочисленных работ, посвященных правовому статусу прокурора, участвующего в административном судопроизводстве. ; The article examines general issues of the functional status of the public prosecutor as a subject of the administrative proceedings. The status is regulated by the standards of the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation, which has come to force recently. To identify the role and place of the public prosecutor in the administrative justice system, the authors analyze the provisions of the existing substantive and procedural legislation, courts practice, and legal doctrine. The conducted scientific-analytical research allowed to determine the functional role of the prosecutor as a participant in the process (administrative plaintiff, the person giving the opinion on the case, administrative defendant), to establish the list and the content of the formal requirements in respect of the implementation of the order of judicial and administrative functions of the prosecutor. The result of the research is the positioning of the public prosecutor as a multifunctional administrative proceedings subject with a formal defined status. The novelty of the study is that it is one of the few works devoted to the legal status of the prosecutor involved in the administrative proceedings.

This article examines the theoretical approaches and legislative decisions of the Eastern European states' cocerning the purposes and principles of administrative proceedings. Based on the analysis of relevant scientific works and legislation, it has been concluded that both the objectives of administrative proceedings and its principles relate to the human rights and freedoms. At the same time, the doctrinally articulated objectives do not find their systematic reflection in the legislation, and the principles are a universal legal element that determines the relationships between the executive authorities and citizens.