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This one-day conference brought together scholars from across Europe and North America to discuss the relationship between governments and the environment in the early modern period. Papers discussed competing conceptions of environmental and climatic models and their use as instruments of control to justify a variety of social and economic interventions. With early career, established and leading scholars discussing environmental governmentality in global contexts, from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, the breadth of research at 'Ruling Climate' was testament to the vitality of the environmental humanities, and its current status as a leading movement in contemporary historical research.

This one-day conference brought together scholars from across Europe and North America to discuss the relationship between governments and the environment in the early modern period. Papers discussed competing conceptions of environmental and climatic models and their use as instruments of control to justify a variety of social and economic interventions. With early career, established and leading scholars discussing environmental governmentality in global contexts, from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, the breadth of research at 'Ruling Climate' was testament to the vitality of the environmental humanities, and its current status as a leading movement in contemporary historical research.

Professions have evolved in contrasting ways in different countries, although this has only recently been recognised by sociologists, who long had an Anglo‐American bias in their work on this subject. In the UK professions have generally evolved "bottom‐up" (i.e. through the activities of the professionals) in contrast to "top‐down" (through state intervention) in Germany. Since the valuation profession in Germany has not been regulated by the state it has not evolved as a high status occupation and lacks high entry standards or effective self‐regulation. This has resulted in a different approach to valuation theory and practice from that in the UK.

An analysis of one of francophone Africa's most celebrated novels -- Cheikh Hamidou Kane's Ambiguous Adventure (no publication data given). Against the facile universalism & idealist orientation of recent criticism, which obscures the specific tensions that helped create this vision, & the ahistorical particularism of earlier studies that see it as the expression of a timeless African, if not black, condition, the novel's tragic vision is firmly rooted in its social & political context. The structure of the tragic in the novel is described, & a historical/sociological explanation is provided. The class relations within Diallobe society (Senegal), the ideological role of Islam in consecrating them, their dynamic within the colonial context, & the ensuing tragic consciousness to which their disruption gives rise are all examined. It is concluded that the weakening of Islam by Western education aided not only in the destruction of a religion & the sense of psychological well-being it provided, as the novel indicates, but also in the dislocation of the ideological foundations of political, economic, & social power. It is in the context of this change in power relations within Diallobe society that the novel's tragic vision should be sought, & not in some atemporal tragic cast of mind of the African. 34 References. Modified AA

[Abridged from Problems of Social Security Planning in Industrialized and Develop ing Countries by Valdimir Rys, Head of Planning, Research and Documentation. General Secretariat of the International Social Security Association (ISSA) Geneva. Report X, Adopted by XVlllth General Assembly of ISSA. Published by General Secretariat ISSA, 154 Rue de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland.] International Social Security Review, Year XXVII, Nos. 2-3, 1974.

The people have a long history of being hostile to outsiders, wrote Louis Jaffe, Harvard law professor, about the inhabitants of Boston's South End. As a consultant to the Massachusetts Department of Education Jaffe urged that the impending federal court desegregation ruling exempt "Southie" from any busing plan. Jaffe's warnings went unheeded, and the buses rolled between the overwhelming black Roxbury ghetto and the neighboring, predominantly Irish South End, sparking an onslaught of racial violence one journalist described as "unparalleled in modern Boston history, a day of hatred against outsiders not witnessed here in decades."