Search results

When intense public controversy erupted around agricultural biotechnology in the late 1990s, critics found opportunities to challenge risk assessment criteria and test methods for genetically modified (GM) products. In relation to GM food, they criticized the concept of substantial equivalence, which European Union and United States regulators had adopted as the basis for a harmonized, science-based approach to risk assessment. Competing policy agendas framed scientific uncertainty in different ways. Substantial equivalence was contested and eventually recast to accommodate some criticisms. To explain how the concept changed, this article links two analytical perspectives. Regulatory-science perspectives illuminate how the scientification of politics and politicization of science led to shifts in the boundary between science and policy. Governance perspectives illuminate how the collective problem for policy was redefined to provide a new common ground for some stakeholders. Overall, substantial equivalence was recast to govern the social conflict and address legitimacy problems of regulatory procedures.

US and European Union (EU) approaches to the regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are often explained using the ideas of 'sound science' and the 'precautionary principle'. These stereotypes, however, can be misleading. They can conceal conflicts within jurisdictions and important interactions between them. This paper avoids these ideas and instead analyses conflicts and interactions associated with the regulation of GMOs in the USA and the EU, using the example of Bt maize - a genetically modified crop. It focuses on risk assessment as a standard-setting process, and explains changes in regulatory standards. In this case, public protest and trade conflict created an opportunity for a transatlantic network of critical scientists to challenge regulatory standards and for non-governmental organizations to press for higher ones. The paper links two analytical perspectives to account for how this happened. 'Regulatory science' helps to explain what happens when the 'private' government-industry-academia network associated with risk regulation is opened up to greater public scrutiny. It also helps to explain how the context and content of regulatory science mutually shape each other. 'Trading up' helps to explain opportunities and pressures to raise regulatory standards associated with US-EU trade liberalization and trade conflict.

Consumption and lifestyles in the world's richest countries are a significant cause of global environmental problems. Consumerism is increasingly recognized as a major drain on global resources and the search for sustainable consumption is emerging as a key policy issue. In this text, Joseph Murphy and Maurie Cohen have brought together an internationally recognized group of authors who critically examine this key area of policy debate. Through papers by Jouni Paavola, David Goodman, Michael Redclift, Elizabeth Shove and other authors, ""Exploring Sustainable Consumption"" addresses issues inc

Constituent and member of the Board of Directors of the Yakima Reservation Irrigation District, Joseph C. Murphy, writes to Catherine May to caution her against supporting certain elements of the Yakima Tribal Council. May writes back assuring Murphy that she is merely extending congressional courtesies to the tribe and that her aid is not an indicator of her support.

"The ultimate collection of books for life-changing wealth and success. It's time to stop living your life on the margins and claim the financial success you deserve. Essential Prosperity is a treasury of wisdom that will empower you to move from a life of want-defined by debt, fear, and missed possibilities-to one of true success. You have the power and potential to create the life of abundance you've always imagined and Essential Prosperity will show you how. Essential Prosperity includes fourteen life-changing books from the thought leaders and teachers whose work has changed the world, including: - The Richest Man in Babylon by George S. Clason - Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill - Power of Your Subconscious Mind by Joseph Murphy - As a Man Thinketh by James Allen - Science of Getting Rich by Wallace Wattles - The Game of Life by Florence Scovel Shinn - The Golden Key by Emmet Fox - The Go-Getter by Peter B. Kyne - How to Live on 24 Hours a Day by Arnold Bennett - Acres of Diamonds by Russell Conwell - Creative Mind and Success by Ernest Holmes - The Secret of Success by William Walker Atkinson - The Life Power and How to Use It by Elizabeth Towne - Prosperity by Annie Rix Militz These experts speak from every background-from self-help and spirituality to finance and business-each of them sharing the secrets to building life changing wealth and prosperity."

Disease resistance is critical in soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks and stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Eriks. are destructive pathogens of wheat. Phenotypic data were collected at diverse locations for resistance to leaf rust (North Carolina, Texas, and Virginia) and stripe rust (Arkansas, North Carolina, Georgia, Texas, and Virginia) in a Pioneer '25R47' /'Jamestown' (P47/JT) population composed of 186 FDX5:9 recombinant inbred lines (RILs). The P47/JT RILs were geno-typed with a public 90K iSelect single-nucleotide polymorphism array. Analysis of the P47/ JT population identified two quantitative trait loci (QTL) for leaf rust resistance on chromosome 5B and two QTL for stripe rust resistance on chromosomes 3B and 6A. These QTL were associated with both infection type and disease severity. Phenotypic variation (%) explained by the putative leaf rust resistance QTL of Jamestown on 5B was as high as 22.1%. Variation explained by the putative stripe rust resistance QTL of Jamestown on 3B and 6A was as high as 11.1 and 14.3%, respectively. Introgression and pyramiding of these QTL with other genes conferring resistance to leaf and stripe rusts via marker-assisted selection will facilitate development of soft red winter wheat cultivars having more durable resistance. ; Virginia Small Grains Board; Virginia Agricultural Council; USDAUnited States Department of Agriculture (USDA) [58-6645-4-032] ; This study was supported with funding provided by the Virginia Small Grains Board and the Virginia Agricultural Council. This material is based on work supported by the USDA, under Agreement no. 58-6645-4-032. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the USDA. The authors would like to thank the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium for providing prepublication access to the IWGSC RefSeq v1.0. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee