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Pharmacists play a beneficial role in supplying medicines to patients. Pharmacist prescribing practices were introduced into law in Poland in 2002, permitting pharmacists to prescribe medications in emergency situations and in 2020 the new law allowed to prescribe in all situation where it is needed because of the health risks reasons. Our aim was to analyze pharmacist prescribing practices in Poland and confirm the useful of pharmacists' activity in this area. Additionally, pharmacists were also authorized to issue reimbursed prescriptions for themselves or their family members. Since January 2020, only e-prescriptions are allowed in Poland. A retrospective analysis of the inspection written reports from 842 community pharmacies in the representative region of Poland with a population of two million, carried out in the time period from 2002 to 2016 was performed (2189 prescriptions) to assess the emergency pharmacist prescribing practices in Poland. The second part of the research was based on digital data on pharmacists prescriptions (18,529) provided by the e-Health Centre (a governmental organization under the Ministry of Health responsible for the development of health care information systems in Poland), enabling to conduct the analysis of pharmacist's prescribing from 1 of April 2020 to 31 of October 2020. The analysis gave the insight of the evolution of the pharmacy prescribing patterns. In general, pharmaceutical prescriptions were issued in cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, in town- or city center pharmacies, and in pharmacies in residential areas. The most common reason for a pharmaceutical prescription was that the patient was running out of a medicine and was unable to contact their physician. Cardiovascular, respiratory, dermatological, and digestive medications were most frequently prescribed. An analysis of pharmacists' prescribing data from 1 April 2020 to 31 October 2020 confirmed the rapid increase of pharmaceutical prescriptions following implementation of the new legislative act during the COVID-19 epidemic.

Background  Research suggests that children with Down syndrome may be at increased risk of having an autism spectrum disorder; however, previous studies have not utilized comprehensive, state‐of‐the‐art diagnostic tools to address the question of comorbid autism and Down syndrome.Method  Comprehensive evaluations for autism were conducted in 20 2‐year‐old children with Down syndrome. The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule‐Generic (ADOS‐G) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised (ADI‐R) were administered by experienced clinicians, who then determined if the child presented with significant symptoms of autism. Eighteen children participated in a follow‐up evaluation at age 4 years.Results  Three children (15%) met criteria for an autism spectrum disorder at both time points, and two (10%) for autistic disorder. Case descriptions are provided. Several children presented with difficulties in communication and play, but did not show problems in core social relatedness. The ADOS‐G, if used alone, over‐identifies autism in toddlers with Down syndrome.Conclusions  Clinical judgement is critical in diagnosing autism in Down syndrome. Young children may show some signs of autism (particularly in the area of communication) and not have the disorder. Children who have comorbid Down syndrome and autism are particularly challenged, relative to their peers without autism.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) tremendously impacts the physical and mental health of humans worldwide. Consequently, studies on COVID-19 remain extensive. However, most of them were mainly focused on the pathological mechanisms and treatment methods from medical perspectives. Various reports have indicated that COVID-19 is closely related to stigma and discrimination, but little statistical information has been integrated quantitatively to describe the situation in China. Thus, this study investigated the COVID-19-related stigma of individuals. We collected the online survey data from 1,920 Chinese participants from October to December 2020. Findings showed that 306 (15.94%), 285 (14.84%), 265 (13.80%), and 100 (5.21%) participants endorsed stigma toward individuals in high-risk areas, recovered patients with COVID-19, families of recovered patients with COVID-19, and frontline healthcare providers, respectively. To understand the possible factors that could impact the COVID-19-related stigma, knowledge about COVID-19 was investigated. Generally, knowledge about COVID-19 was negatively associated with COVID-19-related stigma in general, while no significant relationship existed between the knowledge about COVID-19 and the COVID-19-related stigma in the groups who had held COVID-19-related stigma. Ultimately, individuals showed COVID-19-related stigma toward recovered patients and their families, individuals in high-risk areas, and frontline healthcare providers to some extent. The results of this study can provide reference to nations, governments, and organizations in addressing the stigma issues raised by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Shared governance of employees is crucial in building trust within healthcare organizations. Control over practice, ownership of actions, feeling of independence and involvement in work decisions significantly increase employees' intent to stay, whereas exclusion from the decision-making process leads to a higher rate of turnover. Improving decision-making and enhancing collaboration among nursing staff and nurse leaders pave the way for greater autonomy and management of healthcare delivery. Purpose: The study aims to examine shared governance perceptions among Jordanian registered nurses in different clinical areas. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional design was used using the RN-focused index of professional nursing governance survey. A convenient sample consisting of 261 nurses was recruited from three hospitals in Jordan between 2017 and 2018. Results: The total shared governance score ranged between 86 and 344 with a mean of 175.6. There were slight differences in the total shared governance scores among the hospitals under study. However, when the sub-scales were compared across the three hospitals, some differences emerged, specifically in nurses' total perceived personnel and total perceived goal and conflict. The median age of the sample members was 28 years and about a half of them (54%) were males. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that there is a room to increase the level of nurses' control and influence in decision-making, particularly in those departments that scored lower on the index of professional nursing governance. Implications for Nursing: The study results have implications in nursing administration, policy development and decision-making when choosing/adopting a model of organizational SG to cultivate excellence in the workplace. Keywords: Shared governance, Registered nurses, Work environment.

This is a descriptive study of 348 new cases coming to the attention of the Mental Health team serving the Navajo Indian. Tribal affiliation, sex, marital status, age, type of schooling, religion, referral source, disposition, and primary diagnosis are presented and discussed.

Research has become a core areas in higher education. There are number of government grants to promote research in various fields. In recent years, many universities and funding authorities have adopted research integrity policies LaFollette, 1992 Duquet, 1993 .Research productivity should be the main highlight for any faculty who want to be a part of competitive advantage. A model is created wherein it is stated that research push and right mind set can lead one to attain competitive advantage in an environment which it is very competitive. The survey was based on primary data. Only women faculties were targeted for this survey. Out of total 167 sample, 83 respondents were married and 82 respondents were spinsters. Divorcee were nil hence they were excluded from the study. Different colleges were surveyed according to the prescribed time given by them. Hence a field research was done through personal and group interview. As the study was a diagnostic surveys so fact findings enquiries were executed through cross tabulation, skewness and kurtosis and normal Q Q plots. Some significant facts have been observed from this study. This research paper is also based on secondary data for finalization of views and opinions which has been sourced from published literature. Dolan Champa Banerjee | Dr. Yathish Kumar "Research and Competitive Advantage: A Descriptive Study on Engineering Faculty" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17044.pdf

This study of 40 adolescents with visual impairments and 23 of their best friends found that adolescents with visual impairments are successful in establishing and maintaining reciprocal, intimate best friendships. The friends engaged in activities together that were typical of adolescents without disabilities. Although some participants stated that the visual impairments affected the activities the friends could do together, they also noted that these limitations did not have a strong negative impact on their friendships.

African American community banks appear to be losing ground in their communities. The number of African American community banks continued to trend downward during the past two decades, suffering closure of 12 banks. As of 2017, only 23 banks remain. This trend forces the question: "Do African American community banks possess adequate financial viability to serve their communities?" The survival of African American Community Banks between 2006 and 2017 was examined using the efficiency ratio as the key measure of their financial viability. Results showed that African American banks managed to produce 1 year where they outperformed the peer banks in managing assets to produce profit. The most glaring discovery was that it cost the African American banking sector close to or more than US$1 to generate US$1 of revenue. Findings suggest that African American community banks were unable or unwilling to control the components that contribute to how successful the bank used its assets and liabilities to generate income during the study period.