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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of real estate market factors on foreign real estate investment (FREI).Design/methodology/approachApplying panel data technique, this paper uses related observations from 31 countries (inclusive of developed countries and emerging market economies) between 2000 and 2008 to investigate the relationships between real estate market factors and FREI.FindingsControlling for market size, infrastructure and political stability, the results for all countries indicate that lower financing costs and higher levels of transparency in real estate market attract greater amounts of FREI. Moreover, the paper finds that foreign real estate investors favor countries with higher property prices. Interestingly, when the paper splits the sample in developed countries and emerging market economies the paper finds that there are some differences in results in terms of determinants of FREI.Originality/valueWhile FREI is a large component of service FDI, currently there are no analyses of FREI determinants across a broad set of countries over time. Therefore, the present study has filled this gap.

Abstract
Historians of the United States have often described slavery as guided by the chattel principle. Yet in Black Reconstruction, W. E. B. Du Bois wrote, "No matter how degraded the factory hand, he is not real estate." This article builds upon Du Bois's description of slavery's real estate basis and considers real estate as central to both slavery and territorial expansion in the nineteenth-century United States. Real estate formed the basis of slaveholder family stability and also enabled the intergenerational transfer of wealth. The article also considers the continuing influence of real estate after black emancipation. Real estate enabled post-slavery black dispossession and also facilitated the continuation of the United States as a settler empire.

Treaties — Special kinds of — Consular Convention of 1878 and Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation of 1948 between United States and Italy — Most-favoured-nation clause — Authority of Consul General to receive funds of decedent's estate on behalf of incompetent national.Consuls — Position and functions of — Authority of Consul General to receive funds of decedent's estate on behalf of incompetent national — Pursuant to customary international law and treaties — Consular Convention of 1878 and Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation of 1948 between United States and Italy — As interpreted in courts of United States of America.

Aliens — Treatment of — Bequest to non-resident alien — Restrictions under state statute on distributions from estates to aliens who might not have benefit or use of the funds — Application to beneficiaries in Soviet Union — The law of the United States of America.

Aliens — Treatment of — Distribution of decedents' estates — Right of national of foreign State to legacy in forum State — Effect of exchange rate in foreign State on distribution there of proceeds held in forum State — Probate law of State of New York — The law of the United States of America.

International Law — Relation to municipal law — Right of nonresident aliens to inherit property in forum State — Requirement of reciprocity between forum State and State of alien — Right of alien to inherit conditioned on obtaining discretionary approval of agency of foreign Government — Claim by Soviet nationals to estate of United States decedent — The law of the United States of America.