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Mortality forecasts are essential for predicting the future extent of population ageing, and for determining the sustainability of pension schemes and social security systems. They are also useful in setting life insurance premiums, and in helping governments plan for the changing needs of their societies for health care and other services (European Commission 2009). Nowadays, the societal importance of accurate mortality forecasts is greater than ever before. As a strategy for dealing with rapid population ageing, recent pension reforms in a number of low-mortality countries have made an explicit link between the retirement age and/or retirement payments and past and future anticipated mortality and life expectancy values (Carone et al. 2016; OECD 2016). Because of the large and increasing societal relevance of accurate mortality forecasts, the field of mortality forecasting is growing and advancing.

The cause of mortality in sahelian goats was investigated in three local government areas of Borno State (Kukawa, Maiduguri and Mongonu) that are known for high goat production. A total of 150 selected flocks (50 flocks from each of the local government areas) were administered questionnaires through spot visits and interviews of the flock owners. On the whole, 644 (21.8%) goats died between May 1996 and April 1997 out of the 2956 goats in the 150 flocks. Mortality (41.4%) was higher in kids (

Soziologische Aspekte der Kindersterblichkeit.

Themen: Zahl der Schwangerschaften, Fehlgeburten und Frühgeburten;
psychische und ärztliche Versorgung sowie Beschwerden während der
Schwangerschaft; Art und Dauer der Berufstätigkeit während der
Schwangerschaft sowie Entlastung bei der Hausarbeit; Mütterberatung; Art
des ärztlichen Beistands bei der Entbindung; Entbindungsort;
Komplikationen bei der Entbindung; Geschlecht und Gewicht des Kindes;
Erkrankungen des Kindes; Stillen; Todesursache und Todesart des Kindes;
Einstellung zur Schwangerschaftsverhütung und Abtreibung;
Familienplanung; Familiengröße und Wohnsituation; Art des
Mietverhältnisses; geographische Herkunft; Religiosität.

Demographie: Alter (klassiert); Familienstand; Kinderzahl; Alter der
Kinder (klassiert); Alter und Anzahl der Geschwister; Konfession;
Religiosität; Schulbildung; Haushaltsgröße; Haushaltszusammensetzung;
soziale Herkunft; regionale Herkunft; Flüchtlingsstatus.

Interviewerrating: Kooperationsbereitschaft der Befragten; Anzahl
der Kontaktversuche; Gesamteindruck von der Wohnung des Befragten.

Three key observations – the remarkable continuity of mortality improvement, the changing age pattern of mortality improvement, and the location of longevity extension potentials at the highest ages – are the basis for the individual articles of this thesis. The articles explore challenges that are caused by the interplay of the above mentioned developments. The proposed approaches, as well as the insights offered on the boundaries of age-specific mortality, shed light on some of the challenges both demographers and the general public face currently, and will face in the future.

Three key observations – the remarkable continuity of mortality improvement, the changing age pattern of mortality improvement, and the location of longevity extension potentials at the highest ages – are the basis for the individual articles of this thesis. The articles explore challenges that are caused by the interplay of the above mentioned developments. The proposed approaches, as well as the insights offered on the boundaries of age-specific mortality, shed light on some of the challenges both demographers and the general public face currently, and will face in the future.

Regional mortality differences are one dimension of health inequalities, but its trends and determinants in Germany are widely unknown. This book examines and illustrates patterns of regional mortality in Germany--with focus on small-area differentials--and their changes over time. It identifies explanatory factors at individual and regional level. Mortality differences between eastern and western Germany exist, but small-area mortality differentials are often greater. Though the main spatial mortality patterns remain, this study provides evidence that some distinct changes in the small-area mortality patterns in Germany--especially among women--occurred within a short period of time. Mortality inequalities at younger ages and in behavior-related causes as well as differences in socioeconomic conditions contribute strongly to regional mortality differences in Germany. The book shows that the complex interplay between individual- and regional-level mortality risk factors requires a multidimensional approach to reduce regional mortality inequalities.