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In history, the idea of uncertainty has taken on many forms, both in the methodological field, with for example the definition of historical sources as traces, and in epistemological terms, with the major question of causality or even ontological with the infinite extension of the "historian's territory". Nevertheless, more than an operative notion perhaps, it has long remained as an invariant, a kind of epistemological madguard (a "residue" according to the term adopted by Marc Bloch) of historical knowledge. The question of the historicization of the idea of uncertainty in the historical discipline is related to the place assigned to it in the epistemology of historians, always in tension with the desire for scientificity and truth that has long structured the disciplinarization and professionalization of history. Where do we place the cursor between uncertainty and truth for historical knowledge? This could be the guiding question to periodize the place of the idea of uncertainty in history and roughly distinguish after a predominantly scientist phase linked to the professionalization of the historical discipline (19th-first 20th century), a phase of doubts about history's ability to tell the truth, which became clear at the end of the 1970s and could conveniently be characterized as the great reversal of uncertainty in history, which, from an embarrassing limitation to reducing as much as possible, became an operating principle for defatalising history. However, it will be necessary to question this periodization, more or less modelled on the general evolutions of the sciences, marked in particular by the rise in power of probabilistic and indeterministic approaches and more or less directly related to what is perceived by the majority as the rise of uncertainty in the historical world itself ; this will require taking into account another level of analysis that adds to the weight of uncertainty in history, the moral and political dimension around the question of the social function of history.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- Notes on Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction - Early Modern Scientific Networks: Knowledge and Community in a Globalizing World, 1500-1800 -- Part I: Brokers of Knowledge -- 1: A Scholarly Intermediary Between the Ottoman Empire and Renaissance Europe -- 2: How Information Travels: Jesuit Networks, Scientific Knowledge, and the Early Modern Republic of Letters, 1540-1640 -- 3: Deciphering the Ignatian Tree: The Catholic Horoscope of the Society of Jesus -- 4: The Early Modern Information Factory: How Samuel Hartlib Turned Correspondence into Knowledge -- Part II: Configuring Scientific Networks -- 5: Letters and Questionnaires: the Correspondence of Henry Oldenburg and the Early Royal Society of London's Inquiries ... -- 6: Ingenuous Investigators: Antonio Vallisneri's Regional Network and the Making of Natural Knowledge in ... -- 7: Corresponding in War and Peace: The Challenge of Rebooting Anglo-french Scientific Relations During the Peace of Amiens -- Part III: How Knowledge Travels -- 8: Giant Bones and the Taunton Stone: American Antiquities, World History, and the Protestant International -- 9: The Tarot of Yu the Great: the Search for Civilization's Origins Between France and China in the Age of Enlightenment -- 10: Spaces of Circulation and Empires of Knowledge: Ethnolinguistics and Cartography in Early Colonial India -- Part IV: The Local and the Global -- 11: Recentering Centers of Calculation: Reconfiguring Knowledge Networks Within Global Empires of Trade -- 12: The Atlantic World Medical Complex -- 13: Semedo's Sixteen Secrets: Tracing Pharmaceutical Networks in the Portuguese Tropics -- Epilogue -- 14: Following Ghosts: Skinning Science in Early Modern Eurasia.

Histories of Knowledge in Postwar Scandinavia uses case studies to explore how knowledge circulated in the different public arenas that shaped politics, economics and cultural life in and across postwar Scandinavia, particularly in the 1960s and 1970s. This book focuses on a period when the term "knowledge society" was coined and rapidly found traction. In Scandinavia, society's relationship to rational forms of knowledge became vital to the self-understanding and political ambitions of the era. Taking advantage of contemporary discussions about the circulation, arenas, forms, applications and actors of knowledge, contributors examine various forms of knowledge – economic, environmental, humanistic, religious, political, and sexual – that provide insight into the making and functioning of postwar Scandinavian societies and offer innovative studies that contribute to the development of the history of knowledge at large. The concentration on knowledge rather than the welfare state, the Cold War or the new social and political movements, which to date have attracted the lion's share of scholarly attention, ensures the book makes a historiographical intervention in postwar Scandinavian historiography. Offering a stimulating point of departure for those interested in the history of knowledge and the circulation of knowledge, this is a vital resource for students and scholars of postwar Scandinavia that provides fresh perspectives and new methodologies for exploration.

The production of economic history, like that in many fields of scholarly endeavor, increased sharply in the past quarter-century, compared to the rate of output in earlier eras. While the "new" economic history, with its emphasis on economic theory and measurement, has attracted considerable attention during the last decade, "traditional" economic history, written along institutional lines, has continued to be significant, both quantitatively (in terms of numbers of books and articles) and qualitatively (as assessed by contributions to our understanding of economic processes.)

AbstractThe history of the transmission of Western knowledge to China—Western Learning or Xixue—usually revolves around travelers. What is unmentioned, however, is that the identity of the two types of Chinese travelers of economic knowledge evolved throughout the Western Learning Movement. One-way travelers introduced political economy as a means to improve institutions and statecraft. First-generation Chinese students overseas continued to promote economics as a science capable of enriching a nation's wealth but focused on the theoretical aspect. The second-generation students became economics professionals, who were primarily concerned with practical economic problems and created a scene of practical pluralism of economics during the interwar period. Not all travelers were of the same quality. To judge between the good and bad traveler, further criteria are required. It can be said that good travelers may have a correct understanding of Western theory, and that their translations are faithful, yielding the knowledge they transmitted with integrity. But travelers confronted the problems of trading off faithful and significant knowledge transmissions. Such conundrums can be explained by distinguishing between their distinct conceptions of economics—economics as statecraft, as science, and as a discipline characterized by its practical pluralism—concerning travelers' ideas of solving China's practical economic problems in different periods.

""In 1975, the German Bundestag published the Psychiatrie-Enquête, a 1,800 pages report, which had been produced over five years by more than 200 experts under the auspices of Aktion psychisch Kranke e.V. The reform movement, which throughout the following 20 years established institutional standards of social psychiatry in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), was strongly influenced by the principles of welfare politics implemented in the states of Northern Europe. However, some minor trajectories of knowledge can be detected and will be discussed in this article. On the level of therapeutic and anthropological thinking, the ongoing and fierce critique of institutionalised psychiatric exclusion in different European countries was accompanied by new arguments of social research and critical theory. On the level of historical awareness, the emerging knowledge of the Nazi genocide and euthanasia led to a memory turn in 1979. Historical research on the so-called forgotten victims supported the acknowledgement and emancipation of psychiatric patients during the 1980s, which could be realised under the new social psychiatry frame. On the level of democratisation, patients' self-help and -advocacy as well as their networks of support established a strong voice in the public, which since then has to be heard in political decision-making. These three trajectories of (marginalised) knowledge strongly affected cultural democratisation as the necessary platform or general heaven for moving social institutions and political realities. The aim of this paper is to get a clearer image of their conceptual influences on Western Germany's intellectual and political consciousness in moving social imagination and the democratisation of interactions. The study will work with the de/constructionist cultural approach to disability in order to expound the problems of knowledge discourses and their effects on the constructions of normativity and inequality." (author's abstract)" (author's abstract)

The School of Salaanca : a case of global knowledge production / Thomas Duve -- Salamanca in the New World : university regulation or social imperatives / Enrique González González -- Observance against ambition : the struggle for the chancellor's office at the Real Universidad de San Carlos in Guatemala (1686-1696) / Adriana Álaverz Sánchez -- The influence of Salamanca in the Iberian Peninsula : the case of the faculties of theology of Coimbra and Évora / Lidia Lanza and Marco Toste -- From Fray Alonso de la Vera Cruz to Fray Martín de Rada : the School of Salamanca in Asia / Dolores Folch -- Creating authority and promoting normative behaviour : confession, restitution, and moral theology in the Synod of Manila (1582-15860 / Natalie Cobo -- "Sepamos Señores, en que ley vivimos y si emos de tener por nuestra regla al Consejo de Indias" : Salamanca in the Philippine Islands / Osvaldo R. Moutin -- "Mirando las cosas de cerca" : indigenous marriage in the Philippines in the light of law and legal opinions (17th-18th centuries) / Marya Camacho -- The influence of the School of Salamanca in Alonso de la Vera Cruz's De dominio infidelium et iusto bello : first election in America / Virginia Aspe -- Producing normative knowledge between Salamanca and Michoacán : Alonso de la Vera Cruz and the bumpy road of marriage / José Luis Egío -- Legal education and the University of Córdoba (1767-1821) : from the colony to the homeland : a reinterpretation of the Salamanca tradition from a new context / Esteban Llamosas.

What constitutes an archive in architecture? What forms does it take? What epistemology does it perform? What kind of craft is archiving? Crafting History provides answers and offers insights on the ontological granularity of the archive, and its relationship with architecture as a complex enterprise that starts and ends much beyond the act of building, or the life of a creator. We learn how objects are processed and catalogued, how a classification scheme is produced, how models and drawings are preserved, how born-digital material battles time and technology obsolescence. We capture archiving in its mundane, and practical course. We follow the work of conservators, librarians, cataloguers, digital archivists, museum technicians, curators, and architects. Based on ethnographic observation of the Canadian Centre for Architecture and interviews with a range of practitioners, including Álvaro Siza and Peter Eisenman, Yaneva traces archiving through the daily work and care of all its participants, scrutinizing their variable ontology, scale, and politics. Yaneva addresses the strategies employed by practicing architects to envisage an archive-based future, and tells a story about how architectural collections are crafted so as to form the epistemological basis of Architectural History.

chapter 1 Introduction -- chapter 2 Literature Review -- chapter 3 Making the Case for the Knowledge-Based Economy -- chapter 4 Methodologies and Approaches -- chapter 5 Economic Diversification and Knowledge Utilisation -- chapter 6 Science, Technology and Innovation in UAE -- chapter 7 Technological Readiness and Competitiveness -- chapter 8 Roadmap towards UAE's 2021Vision.