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A century has elapsed since the 'New Protection' policy of the newly established Commonwealth government of Australia gave birth to the 'basic wage' principle following the 'Harvester' judgement. This paper re‐examines, with special reference to economic considerations – unemployment, the tariff, and the wage structure – the controversy surrounding the initial formulation of this principle and the evolution of its application under the federal wage fixing tribunals and the legislation under which they operated. It concludes that even the vestigial remains of the concept underlying Harvester have progressively disappeared from Australian wage fixing principles.

Whether it's guns and ammunition or multidimensional anti-terrorism systems, the defense industry is dynamic, complex, and ubiquitous. It is also mysterious, powerful, and controversial, involving thousands of players worldwideÑfrom suppliers and producers to government and military procurers to shadowy figures that trade in the black market. This comprehensive, two-volume reference will explore, on a global scale, the various issues, concepts, problems, and controversies surrounding the rise of the modern defense industry. Unparalleled in its scope and insight, The Modern Defense Industry wil

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT: STALLING GROWTH, HIGH PUBLIC DEBT -- A. The Long-Term Setting -- B. Recent Developments -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS: THE RECOVERY CONTINUES, BUT VULNERABILITIES REMAIN -- A. Medium-Term Outlook and Risks -- B. Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) -- C. External Stability Assessment -- THE POLICY AGENDA -- A. Fiscal Policy: Ensuring Debt Sustainability and Safeguarding Growth -- B. Monetary Policy: Bolstering Private Credit and Protecting the Peg -- C. Financial Supervision: Increasing Resilience -- D. Structural Reforms: Passing the Baton to the Private Sector for Long-Term Growth -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Financial Sector - Challenges and Opportunities -- 2. Closing the Gender Gap -- FIGURES -- 1. Recent Economic Developments -- 2. Monetary Developments and Credit Growth -- 3. Performance Compared to Small Middle-Income SSA Peers -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic Indicators, 2012-20 -- 2. Balance of Payments, 2011-19 -- 3a. Statement of Operations of the Central Government, 2011-19 (Millions of Cabo Verde Escudos) -- 3b. Statement of Operations of the Central Government, 2011-19 (Percentage of GDP) -- 4a. Monetary Survey, 2011-19 -- 5. Financial Soundness of the Banking Sector -- 6. Implementation Status for the Recommendations of the 2009 FSAP -- 7. Millennium Development Goals -- 8. Risk Assessment Matrix -- APPENDICES -- I. External Stability Assessment -- CONTENTS -- BACKGROUND -- BASELINE SCENARIO UNDERLYING THE DEBT SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS -- DEBT SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS -- A. External Public Debt -- B. Total Public Debt -- C. Comparison with the Previous Debt Sustainability Analysis -- D. The Authorities' Views -- DEBT DISTRESS CLASSIFICATION -- BOX -- 1. Macroeconomic Assumptions of the Baseline Scenario , 2016-36 -- FIGURES.

Economists disagree on whether recent U.S. trade policies are harmful or helpful, but they all agree that there is a new trend toward focusing on results-oriented policies in specific markets and with particular trading partners. These twelve essays by leading international economists explore crucial issues in U.S. trade policy today. Topics examined include the markets for automobile and automobile parts in the United States and Japan, the U.S. response to "unfair" trading practices such as dumping, and the effects of industry- and country-specific policies. Examples include high-te

This article is an attempt to find a grounded answer to the question of why many large-scale economic development programs worked out in Russia from 2000 through 2010 have failed to yield the expected results. To this end, the author has diagnosed the Russian economy, including a comparative analysis against 20 countries at similar levels of development and analyzed both the Russian and global experience in developing and implementing economic programs. The author concludes that the development of the Russian economy is currently hindered by a rigid institutional framework and that growth cannot accelerate without removing it as part of the political process. Based on the analysis of various types of institutional reforms, specific measures are proposed that can ensure the country's evolutional development and can mitigate the economic and social risks threatening Russia if the status quo is maintained.