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In 1983, President Reagan announced the policy of the United States to accept the normative provisions of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea as reflecting the customary international law of the sea (in matters other than deep seabed mining).

This article examines the use of 'enhanced interrogation techniques' in the context of international legal obligations under the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1984 (CAT) and the domestic implementation of the international prohibition of torture into United States (US) law under 18 United States Code Sections 2340-2340A. The legal basis for the interrogation programme was a series of contentious legal memoranda written by Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel lawyers.1 This article examines whether the memo drafters ought to be investigated for incurring criminal liability for the consequences of their memoranda, namely under CAT and Sections 2340-2340A and what has unfolded under President Obama's administration.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Introduction: The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and a Cosmopolitan Approach to Human Protection -- Structure and Content -- Chapter 2 The Global Ethics of a Cosmopolitan Approach to Human Protection -- The Ethical Form of Cosmopolitan Human Protection -- Ethical Cosmopolitan Human Protection: A Critique -- The Institutional Form of Cosmopolitan Human Protection -- Institutional Cosmopolitan Human Protection: A Critique -- The Cosmopolitan Approach to Human Protection: A Critical Appraisal -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3 Kant, Habermas and the Constitutionalisation of International Law -- Introduction -- Kant's Theory of International Law -- Habermas and the Constitutionalisation of International Law -- The UN: A Potential Blueprint for the Creation of a Cosmopolitan Legal Order -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4 The Responsibility to Protect and Cosmopolitan Human Protection -- The ICISS Report -- The Responsibility to Protect and a Cosmopolitan Approach to Human Protection -- Conclusion -- Chapter 5 The Responsibility to Protect and Cosmopolitan Global Justice -- The Responsibility to Protect and Cosmopolitan Distributive Justice -- The Responsibility to Protect and Cosmopolitan Criminal Justice -- Conclusion -- Chapter 6 The Responsibility to Protect and Habermas' Theory of Constitutionalisation with a 'Cosmopolitan Purpose' -- The Responsibility to Protect and Habermas' Theory of Constitutionalisation with a 'Cosmopolitan Purpose': A Critical Appraisal -- Conclusion -- Chapter 7 The Responsibility to Protect, Imperialism and Military Intervention in Libya -- R2P: A Tool of the Powerful? -- R2P: A Challenge to the Powerful -- Conclusion -- Chapter 8 Towards an 'Even More' Cosmopolitan Approach to Human Protection: Proposals on Extending the Cosmopolitan Trend.

The International Criminal Court's intervention into the ongoing civil war in northern Uganda evoked a chorus of confident predictions as to its capacity to bring peace and justice to the war-torn region. However, this optimism is unwarranted. The article analyzes the consequences for peace and justice of the ICC's intervention, dividing them into two categories: first, those resulting from the political instrumentalization of the ICC by the Ugandan government; second, those resulting from the discourse and practice of the ICC as an institution of global law enforcement. As to the first, the article argues that the Ugandan government referred the conflict to the ICC in order to obtain international support for its militarization and to entrench, not resolve, the war; the ICC, in accepting the referral and only prosecuting the LRA, has in effect chosen to pursue a politically pragmatic case even though doing so contravened the interests of peace, justice, and the rule of law. As to the second, the article reveals the harmful effects that ICC intervention can have upon the capacity for autonomous political organization and action among civilian victims of violence, specifically how it leads to de-politicization by promoting a political dependency mediated by international law. The article draws from this analysis disturbing implications about ICC interventions generally, and concludes by asking whether ICC practice may be reformed so as to avoid these negative consequences. Adapted from the source document.

Regulation (EU) n° 650/2012 of 4 July 2012 led to a considerable revolution in the field of international successions. Indeed, such a subject has always caused several divergences among national legal systems, especially at the European level where the need for a proper functioning of the free movement of persons have led to an essential common reform of private international succession law. As a results, rules governing cross-border successions have been globally harmonised and citizens are finally able to organise their succession in advance. Nonetheless, Regulation n° 650/212 should not be limited to the only harmonisation of conflicts-of-laws rules ; these latter are certainly its primary objective, but not the only one. Indeed, the new instrument should aim at a more ambitious goal : the convergence of national legal systems. In order to achieve such a purpose, the European legislator has provided for two different means : on one side a typical and essential instrument of private international law like the public policy ; on the other side a new and unique instrument of substantial law such as the European certificate of succession. As a consequence, the new Regulation should not leed to a sample unification in the field of the private international law, but would also contribute to a progressive uniformisation of national rules of Member States. It could thus represent a remarkable achievement in the historical European project for the maintenance and development of an area of freedom, security and justice inside the Union. ; Le Règlement (UE) n° 650/2012 du 4 juillet 2012 apporte une véritable révolution dans le domaine des successions internationales. Depuis toujours, en effet, cette matière a donné lieu à d'innombrables difficultés et divergences entre les systèmes juridiques nationaux, notamment au sein de l'Union européenne où la nécessité de garantir la liberté de circulation des personnes a rendu indispensable la mise en place d'une réforme commune du droit international privé des successions. C'est ...

Regulation (EU) n° 650/2012 of 4 July 2012 led to a considerable revolution in the field of international successions. Indeed, such a subject has always caused several divergences among national legal systems, especially at the European level where the need for a proper functioning of the free movement of persons have led to an essential common reform of private international succession law. As a results, rules governing cross-border successions have been globally harmonised and citizens are finally able to organise their succession in advance. Nonetheless, Regulation n° 650/212 should not be limited to the only harmonisation of conflicts-of-laws rules ; these latter are certainly its primary objective, but not the only one. Indeed, the new instrument should aim at a more ambitious goal : the convergence of national legal systems. In order to achieve such a purpose, the European legislator has provided for two different means : on one side a typical and essential instrument of private international law like the public policy ; on the other side a new and unique instrument of substantial law such as the European certificate of succession. As a consequence, the new Regulation should not leed to a sample unification in the field of the private international law, but would also contribute to a progressive uniformisation of national rules of Member States. It could thus represent a remarkable achievement in the historical European project for the maintenance and development of an area of freedom, security and justice inside the Union. ; Le Règlement (UE) n° 650/2012 du 4 juillet 2012 apporte une véritable révolution dans le domaine des successions internationales. Depuis toujours, en effet, cette matière a donné lieu à d'innombrables difficultés et divergences entre les systèmes juridiques nationaux, notamment au sein de l'Union européenne où la nécessité de garantir la liberté de circulation des personnes a rendu indispensable la mise en place d'une réforme commune du droit international privé des successions. C'est ...

Regulation (EU) n° 650/2012 of 4 July 2012 led to a considerable revolution in the field of international successions. Indeed, such a subject has always caused several divergences among national legal systems, especially at the European level where the need for a proper functioning of the free movement of persons have led to an essential common reform of private international succession law. As a results, rules governing cross-border successions have been globally harmonised and citizens are finally able to organise their succession in advance. Nonetheless, Regulation n° 650/212 should not be limited to the only harmonisation of conflicts-of-laws rules ; these latter are certainly its primary objective, but not the only one. Indeed, the new instrument should aim at a more ambitious goal : the convergence of national legal systems. In order to achieve such a purpose, the European legislator has provided for two different means : on one side a typical and essential instrument of private international law like the public policy ; on the other side a new and unique instrument of substantial law such as the European certificate of succession. As a consequence, the new Regulation should not leed to a sample unification in the field of the private international law, but would also contribute to a progressive uniformisation of national rules of Member States. It could thus represent a remarkable achievement in the historical European project for the maintenance and development of an area of freedom, security and justice inside the Union. ; Le Règlement (UE) n° 650/2012 du 4 juillet 2012 apporte une véritable révolution dans le domaine des successions internationales. Depuis toujours, en effet, cette matière a donné lieu à d'innombrables difficultés et divergences entre les systèmes juridiques nationaux, notamment au sein de l'Union européenne où la nécessité de garantir la liberté de circulation des personnes a rendu indispensable la mise en place d'une réforme commune du droit international privé des successions. C'est ...

In this Article Professor Brower argues that most observers of NAFTA's investment chapter have missed an important and surprising development: Although the treaty's text shares a philosophical affinity with civil and political rights, its application has revealed an astonishing level of support for economic and social rights (ESCRs) in North America. Professor Brower examines the practical implications of this development both for the presentation of claims in investor-state arbitration and for the better integration of ESCRs into the mainstream of international law.