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La Convention du Conseil de l'Europe sur la manipulation de compétitions sportives (2014) est le premier instrument international juridiquement contraignant visant à combattre la manipulation des compétitions sportives qui constitue aujourd'hui un fléau d'envergure transnationale, de l'ampleur de laquelle les différentes parties prenantes (les gouvernements, les organisations sportives nationales et internationales et les opérateurs de jeux et paris) n'ont toutefois pris que très récemment la mesure. Même si cet instrument peut ne pas satisfaire toutes les attentes de ceux qui réclament la mise en place d'une véritable politique transnationale, son importance ne doit pas être sous-estimée : elle marque la première étape de nombreux développements à venir dans ce domaine. La Convention contribue ainsi au renforcement de la lutte globale contre la manipulation des compétitions sportives de deux manières. D'une part, elle vise à la rationalisation de la coopération entre les différentes parties prenantes en permettant une meilleure coordination de leurs compétences normatives et opérationnelles. D'autre part, elle met en place un cadre normatif substantiel, bien que flexible, qui doit permettre la répression effective des différentes infractions liées à la manipulation des compétitions sportives, notamment en précisant les modalités d'articulation entre les sanctions pénales et administratives pouvant être adoptées par les États et les sanctions disciplinaires relevant de la compétence des organisations sportives. Finalement, aussi bien du point de vue de la coopération multipartite que de celui de la répression des cas de manipulation des compétitions sportives, la mise en oeuvre effective de la convention comporte de nombreux défis que la présente étude entend mettre en lumière.

The football unity talks which formally began in October 1976 were important because sport was integral to the debate about the national question in South Africa. At the time, football as a sport code was designated in negative and racist undertones as a 'sport for blacks' and rugby, golf, athletics, hockey, cricket and swimming were regarded as sporting codes reserved for white South Africans. These sports benefited immensely in terms of generous funding, infrastructure and facilities provided by the apartheid regime. This paper will be based on the following themes. First, it will focus on the broad legislative measures which reinforced separate development and racism in South Africa and how these laws impacted on the development of sport. Second, it will scrutinize the role of the multilateral, worldwide antiapartheid movement and boycott movement, Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and the Confederation of African Football (CAF) in using football sanctions as a tool to fight apartheid and racism in sport. Third, the football unity talks of 1976 will be analysed. This discussion will focus on issues inside the boardroom, the football field and what took place outside the boardroom and off the football field. Lastly, the impact of the unity on the players and the public at large-including the development of professional football since 1976 will be reviewed. A major theme which runs through the different sections is defined by the use and abuse of football as a tool for public and sport diplomacy. This was because the football unity talks in South Africa were as a result of what was taking place in the world of international, continental, national and local politics.

PurposeThis paper aims to present key findings from an inquiry into engineering accreditation and curricula renewal. The research attempted to ascertain conceptions of requisite sustainability themes among engineering academics and professionals. The paper also reflects on the potential role of professional engineering institutions (PEIs) in embedding sustainability through their programme accreditation guidelines and wider implications in terms of rapid curricula renewal.Design/methodology/approachThis research comprised an International Engineering Academic Workshop held during the 2010 International Symposium on Engineering Education in Ireland, on "accreditation and sustainable engineering". This built on the findings of a literature review that was distributed prior to the workshop. Data collection included individual questionnaires administered during the workshop, and notes scribed by workshop participants.FindingsThe literature review highlighted a wide range of perspectives across and within engineering disciplines, regarding what sustainability/sustainable development (SD) themes should be incorporated into engineering curricula, and regarding language and terminology. This was also reflected in the workshop discussions. Notwithstanding this diversity, clusters of sustainability themes and priority considerations were distilled from the literature review and workshop. These related to resources, technology, values, ethics, inter‐ and intra‐generational equity, transdisciplinarity, and systems and complex thinking. Themes related to environmental and economic knowledge and skills received less attention by workshop participants than represented in the literature.Originality/valueThis paper provides an appreciation of the diversity of opinion regarding priority sustainability themes for engineering curricula, among a group of self‐selected engineering academics who have a common interest in education for SD. It also provides some insights and caveats on how these themes might be rapidly integrated into engineering curricula.

1Environment — Transboundary pollution — Rivers — River constituting international boundary — River Uruguay — Regime for balancing economic development with protection of riverine environment — Boundary treaty between Argentina and Uruguay concluded in 1961 — Statute of the River Uruguay, 1975 — Procedural and substantive obligations — Proof of breach of substantive obligations — Evidence of effect of discharges upon water qualityEnvironment — General principles of international environmental law — Principle of prevention — Precautionary principle — Requirement to conduct environmental impact assessment — Scope and conduct of environmental impact assessmentInternational Court of Justice — Provisional measures of protection — Criteria — Requirement that measures must be urgently needed to protect rights which might form subject of judgment — Request for provisional measures by Respondent — Whether appropriate to order Applicant to prevent blockade of bridge by private citizens — Measures calling upon Parties to abstain from conduct likely to aggravate or extend disputeInternational Court of Justice — Evidence — Burden of proof — Standard of proof — Scientific evidence — Power of Court to appoint expert — Power of Court to make own inquiry into facts — Expert evidence — Experts appearing as counsel — Whether evidence sufficient to establish harmful environmental effects — Appraisal of scientific evidence by CourtInternational organizations — Administrative Commission of the River Uruguay (CARU) — Legal personality — Nature and role of CARU — Whether more than a framework for discussions between States Parties — Regulatory roleRivers — Pollution — River Uruguay — Regime for balancing economic development with protection of riverine environment — Boundary treaty between Argentina and Uruguay concluded in 1961 — Statute of the River Uruguay, 1975 — Protection of water quality and environment2Treaties — Interpretation and application — Treaty on environmental protection — Interlocking nature of obligations — Procedural and substantive obligations

PurposeThis paper aims to introduce the notion of investigative research on the internet (IRI) and conceptualise its processes through the principle of streaming. It seeks to discuss the similarities and differences between IRI and netnography and considers various aspects of the IRI process, including site selection, sampling, data collection and analysis.Design/methodology/approachInvestigative internet‐based research uses the techniques of ethnography and netnography, including variations of participant observation and analysis of visual and textual material. Three international empirical cases are used to illustrate the application of IRI and streaming in research on international workers, consumer cultures and on emerging business phenomena.FindingsIRI has a number of potential applications for hospitality management academics and practitioners. Streaming can help to understand the processes involved in conducting netnographic research, and streaming is a more appropriate way to conceptualise some internet‐based studies that do not conform to netnographic or ethnographic ideals.Research limitations/implicationsThe three empirical cases highlight the processes of streaming in practice, which can be applied elsewhere. Principal limitations are the ethical dimensions of conducting undisclosed research and the sampling bias resulting from adopting an unobtrusive role and focusing on active internet users.Practical implicationsThe paper highlights several issues, identified through streaming, that can be used to design human resource, marketing and operational strategies.Originality/valueThe paper demonstrates the application of streaming. Streaming can help researchers conduct netnographic studies; it is also a more appropriate way to describe broader types of investigative internet research. Moreover, it demonstrates the applicability of streaming in research on hospitality management and public policy issues.

AbstractThis paper situates Canada's Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP) within the policy and scholarly debates on "best practices" for the management of temporary migration, and examines what makes this programme successful from the perspective of states and employers. Drawing on extensive qualitative and quantitative study of temporary migration in Canada, this article critically examines this seminal temporary migration programme as a "best practice model" from internationally recognized rights‐based approaches to labour migration, and provides some additional best practices for the management of temporary labour migration programmes. This paper examines how the reality of the Canadian SAWP measures up, when the model is evaluated according to internationally recognized best practices and migrant rights regimes. Despite all of the attention to building "best practices" for the management of temporary or managed migration, it appears that Canada has taken steps further away from these and other international frameworks. The analysis reveals that while the Canadian programme involves a number of successful practices, such as the cooperation between origin and destination countries, transparency in the admissions criteria for selection, and access to health care for temporary migrants; the programme does not adhere to the majority of best practices emerging in international forums, such as the recognition of migrants' qualifications, providing opportunities for skills transfer, avoiding imposing forced savings schemes, and providing paths to permanent residency. This paper argues that as Canada takes significant steps toward the expansion of temporary migration, Canada's model programme still falls considerably short of being an inspirational model, and instead provides us with little more than an idealized myth.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze how the Swedish mass media constructed Sweden and Swedes during the first days after the Indian Ocean tsunami of December 26, 2004.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative content analysis of newspaper articles from four of the largest newspapers in Sweden was conducted.FindingsThe results show that the tsunami was framed as a Swedish disaster almost exclusively focusing on Sweden, Swedish victims and Thailand, and that there was a division between "us" and "them". Two categories of "us" and "them" were identified in the coverage: on the international level Sweden, i.e. "us", was glorified and contrasted with "inferior" countries such as Thailand, "them"; on the national level, the distinction between "us" and "them" was not as obvious, but by including particular experiences and practices and excluding others, lines are drawn between "us" – ethnic Swedes – and "them" – everyone else. The conclusion of the paper is that mediated frames of catastrophes are influenced by stereotypes and nationalistic values.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is based on a qualitative analysis and it is not possible to generalize to other cases. Additional quantitative studies would therefore be of value.Practical implicationsThis study can be used in the education of crisis and disaster managers to make them aware of how underlying norms guide news coverage and encourage them always to consider information based on mass media reports critically.Originality/valueThis paper gives new theoretical and empirical insights into the way in which disasters contribute to recreating and maintaining the historical division between regions and people, on both a national and an international level.

667Human rights — Right to life — Death penalty — Constitutionality of death penalty — International instruments — Whether abolishing death penalty — Freedom from torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment — Whether two issues to be dealt with separately — Whether imposition of death penalty in Uganda constituting cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment — Whether framers of Constitution of Uganda purposefully providing for death penalty — Constitutional interpretation — Reading death penalty provisions as whole and in relation to relevant international instruments — Uganda's history and background — Punishment for political purposes — Whether conflict between Articles 22(1) and 44(a) of Constitution of Uganda — Whether death penalty inconsistent with Articles 20, 21, 22(1), 24, 28, 44(a) and 45 of Constitution of UgandaHuman rights — Right to life — Death penalty — Constitutionality of mandatory death penalty — Inherency of individual's right — Right to equality before and under law — Right to fair, speedy and public hearing before independent and impartial tribunal — Right to legal representation at State's expense for offence carrying death sentence — Whether sentencing part of trial — Whether Ugandan laws providing for mandatory death sentence inconsistent with Articles 20,21, 22,24,28 and 44(a) of Constitution of UgandaHuman rights — Right to life — Death penalty — Long delay between death sentence pronouncement and execution — Whether unreasonable delay rendering execution unconstitutional — Death-row syndrome — Whether constituting cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment contrary to Articles 24 and 44 of ConstitutionHuman rights — Right to life — Death penalty — Mode of hanging — Constitutionality — Whether causing excessive pain and suffering — Whether constituting cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment contrary to Articles 24 and 44 of Constitution — The law of Uganda

376Claims — Eritrea — Ethiopia Claims Commission — Eritrean — Ethiopian war 1998-2000 — Ethiopia's claims — Liability phase — Commission deciding on extent of Eritrea's liability in Awards — Eritrea's liability for violations of jus in bello and jus ad bellum — Final phase — Damages phase — Ethiopia claiming compensation for violations of international law — Scope of jus ad bellum damages — Quantum of damages for jus in bello and jus ad bellum liability — Lack of time and resources — State-toState claims — Claims divided into two groups — Group Number One comprising war front, prisoner of war and displaced persons claims and preliminary issues — Group Number Two comprising all remaining claims including civilians or home front claims — Quantum of damageDamages — "Fast-track" damages phase — Monetary compensation — Satisfaction — Scope of jus ad bellum damages — Quantum of damages for jus in bello and jus ad bellum liability — Function of compensation — Chorzów Factory test — Parties' economic positions — Relevance — Economic conditions — Applicable legal principles — Article 5(13) of Algiers Agreement of 12 December 2000 — Relevant international law rules — Res judicata — Role of evidence and burden of proof — Proof of facts — Causation — Factors in assessment of compensation — Nature, seriousness and extent of unlawful acts — Intention — Mitigating circumstances — Victim numbers — Implication of injuries for victims — Moral damages claims — Fixed-sum jus in bello damages claims — Actual amount jus in bello damages claims — Other jus in bello compensation claims — Ethiopia's claims for compensation for Eritrea's violation of jus ad bellumState responsibility — Causation — Proximity — Extent of responsibility for damage caused by lawful acts of war resulting from breach of the jus ad bellumWar and armed conflict — Enforcement and implementation — Damages — For violations of jus ad bellum and jus in bello — Eritrea — Ethiopia Claims Commission

AbstractThis article concerns the social process of mobility control in four West African countries: Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, and Ghana. Migration has long been an important aspect of West African social, cultural, and political life. This study explores everyday enforcement of international and internal mobility control, and the ways in which Africans respond to and resist the actions of security agents. I accomplish this using ethnographic evidence gathered when travelling over 10,000 miles in Burkina Faso, Mali, Ghana, and Côte d'Ivoire over a period of nine months. In addition, data were gathered through participant observation while crossing international borders 23 times in a sub‐region of West Africa, and participating in 169 security control checkpoints in total. This evidence is supplemented by 29 interviews with transportation workers across the four countries studied. Augmenting the traditional social science literature on migrant networks with an approach proposed by development economists, this article shows that transportation workers play an essential role in mobility control in West Africa. The theoretical insights derived here contribute to a larger project of bringing borders and transportation into the same frame of reference as migration in academic study. This project sees movement through interaction, rather than simply through the systems approach so commonly applied in the literature and shows that in the countries under study there exist unstated, implicit social norms among transportation workers, their clients, and security agents, which constitute a key mechanism for migration. These actors operate in a series of structured relationships, which can be described as institutionalised, and which create a series of important exchanges governing movement in the sub‐ region.

PurposeThe purpose of this systematic review was to explore the nature of the marketing of higher education (HE) and universities in an international context. The objectives of the review were to: systematically collect, document, scrutinise and critically analyse the current research literature on supply‐side higher education marketing; establish the scope of higher education marketing; identify gaps in the research literature; and make recommendations for further research in this field.Design/methodology/approachThe approach for this study entailed extensive searches of relevant business management and education databases. The intention was to ensure that, as far as possible, all literature in the field was identified – while keeping the focus on literature of greatest pertinence to the research questions.FindingsThe paper finds that potential benefits of applying marketing theories and concepts that have been effective in the business world are gradually being recognised by researchers in the field of HE marketing. However, the literature on HE marketing is incoherent, even inchoate, and lacks theoretical models that reflect upon the particular context of HE and the nature of their services.Research limitations/implicationsThe research field of HE marketing is still at a relatively pioneer stage with much research still to be carried out both from a problem identification and strategic perspective.Originality/valueDespite the substantial literature on the marketisation of HE and consumer behaviour, scholarship to provide evidence of the marketing strategies that have been implemented by HE institutions on the supply‐side remains limited, and this is relatively uncharted territory. This paper reviews the literature in the field, focusing on marketing strategies in the rapidly developing HE international market.

50Diplomatic relations — Privileges and immunities — Head of mission — Immunity of former head of mission — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Article 39(2) — United Kingdom Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964Extradition — Double criminality — Jurisdictional requirements — Whether conduct must be crime in the requested State at the date offence occurs or only at the date of request for extradition — Extraterritorial offences — United Kingdom Extradition Act 1989 — European Convention on Extradition, 1957 — Extradition on charges of torture and hostage-taking — Extradition of former Head of State — ImmunityHuman rights — Enforcement — Criminal proceedings — Torture — Hostage-taking — Allegations against former Head of State — Whether former Head of State entitled to immunity before courts of other States — ExtraditionInternational criminal law — International crimes — Torture — Convention against Torture, 1984 — Hostage-taking — International Convention against the Taking of Hostages, 1979 — Extradition proceedings — Former Head of State — Whether entitled to immunity before courts of other StatesJurisdiction — Passive personality principle — Jurisdiction on basis of nationality of victim not part of United Kingdom law — Extradition — Dual criminality ruleState immunity — Head of State immunity — Criminal proceedings — Immunity of former Head of State — United Kingdom State Immunity Act 1978, Section 20 — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Head of State entitled to same immunities as head of diplomatic mission — Immunity of former Head of State in respect of acts performed while Head of State — Immunity confined to acts performed in the exercise of the functions of Head of State — Whether immunity extending to criminal proceedings in respect of torture, hostage-taking and conspiracy to murder — The law of England

Diplomatic relations — Privileges and immunities — Head of mission — Immunity of former head of mission — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Article 39(2) — United Kingdom Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964Extradition — Double criminality — Jurisdictional requirements — Whether conduct must be crime in the requested State at the date offence occurs or only at the date of request for extradition — Extraterritorial offences — United Kingdom136Extradition Act 1989 — European Convention on Extradition, 1957 — Extradition on charges of torture and hostage-taking — Extradition of former Head of State — ImmunityHuman rights — Enforcement — Criminal proceedings — Torture — Hostage-taking — Allegations against former Head of State — Whether former Head of State entitled to immunity before courts of other States — ExtraditionInternational criminal law — International crimes — Torture — Convention against Torture, 1984 — Hostage-taking — International Convention against the Taking of Hostages, 1979 — Extradition proceedings — Former Head of State — Whether entitled to immunity before courts of other StatesJurisdiction — Passive personality principle — Jurisdiction on basis of nationality of victim not part of United Kingdom law — Extradition — Dual criminality ruleState immunity — Head of State immunity — Criminal proceedings — Immunity of former Head of State — United Kingdom State Immunity Act 1978, Section 20 — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Head of State entitled to same immunities as head of diplomatic mission — Immunity of former Head of State in respect of acts performed while Head of State — Immunity confined to acts performed in the exercise of the functions of Head of State — Whether immunity extending to criminal proceedings in respect of torture, hostage-taking and conspiracy to murder — The law of England

417Arbitration — Compromis — Arbitration in two stages — Agreement on Principles and Arbitration Agreement — Phase One on territorial sovereignty — Phase Two required to decide on maritime delimitation — Applicable law — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982Sea — Delimitation of maritime boundaries between Parties — Eritrea and Yemen — States with opposite coasts — Single international boundary line — Applicable law — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Delimitation of exclusive economic zone — Delimitation of continental shelf — Requirement of equitable solution — Median or equidistance line — Applicability as international boundary — Normal baseline — Use of low-water line — Presence of islands — Determination of relevant coasts — Relevance of straight baseline — Relevance of fishing and fisheries in Red Sea — Relevance of petroleum agreements — Mineral resources — Nature and relevance of traditional fishing regime — Whether shared maritime zones around islands requiring delimitation — Other relevant factors — Proportionality Relevance of non-geographical circumstances — Northern and southern extremities of boundary lineTreaties — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Eritrea not party to Convention — Eritrea accepting applicability of Convention for purposes of delimitation — Convention incorporating customary law of seaTerritory — Sovereignty — Sovereignty over islands in Red Sea between coastlines of Eritrea and Yemen settled in Phase One of Award — Tribunal to delimit maritime boundaries taking into account its opinion on questions of territorial sovereignty — Nature of sovereignty — Relevance to delimitationWar and armed conflict — Eritrea-Yemen hostilities 1995 — Agreements ending conflict — Agreement on Principles — Arbitration Agreement — Phase One of Award having settled dispute on question of territorial sovereignty peacefully — Phase Two of Award to settle question of maritime boundaries peacefully

Diplomatic relations — Privileges and immunities — Head of mission — Immunity of former head of mission — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Article 39(2) — United Kingdom Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964Extradition — Double criminality — Jurisdictional requirements — Whether conduct must be crime in the requested State at the date offence occurs or only at the date of request for extradition — Extraterritorial offences — United Kingdom Extradition Act 1989 — European Convention on Extradition, 1957 — Extradition on charges of torture and hostage-taking — Extradition of former Head of State — Immunity28Human rights — Enforcement — Criminal proceedings — Torture — Hostage-taking — Allegations against former Head of State — Whether former Head of State entitled to immunity before courts of other States — ExtraditionInternational criminal law — International crimes — Torture — Convention against Torture, 1984 — Hostage-taking — International Convention against the Taking of Hostages, 1979 — Extradition proceedings — Former Head of State — Whether entitled to immunity before courts of other StatesJurisdiction — Passive personality principle — Jurisdiction on basis of nationality of victim not part of United Kingdom law — Extradition — Dual criminality ruleState immunity — Head of State immunity — Criminal proceedings — Immunity of former Head of State — United Kingdom State Immunity Act 1978, Section 20 — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Head of State entitled to same immunities as head of diplomatic mission — Immunity of former Head of State in respect of acts performed while Head of State — Immunity confined to acts performed in the exercise of the functions of Head of State — Whether immunity extending to criminal proceedings in respect of torture, hostage-taking and conspiracy to murder — The law of England