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International audience ; La production de gomme arabique est déjà une filière importante pour le Tchad et pourrait se développer au Nord Cameroun. Les espèces productrices de gomme arabique, Acacia senegal et Acacia seyal, sont également importantes pour les populations rurales du fait de leur production de fourrage et de leurs vertus fertilisantes (principalement A. senegal), mais pourraient participer de façon plus importante au développement économique de ces pays au transfert de revenus vers ces populations parmi les plus pauvres. La multifonctionalité des espèces gommières et des espaces qui les portent, et la diversité et la pluralité des acteurs concernés doivent être pris en compte par les bailleurs de fonds du développement dans la conception des projets de développement. Des recherches d'accompagnement doivent également être promues pour permettre aux projets de développement de tirer profit de cette multifonctionnalité des gommiers selon des principes socialement et économiquement viables, mais également écologiquement durables: recherches sur l'intégration des gommiers dans des systèmes agro-sylvo-pastoraux stabilisés; recherches sur la mise en place d'une filière organisée allant du petit paysan à l'exportateur. (Résumé d'auteur)

International audience ; La production de gomme arabique est déjà une filière importante pour le Tchad et pourrait se développer au Nord Cameroun. Les espèces productrices de gomme arabique, Acacia senegal et Acacia seyal, sont également importantes pour les populations rurales du fait de leur production de fourrage et de leurs vertus fertilisantes (principalement A. senegal), mais pourraient participer de façon plus importante au développement économique de ces pays au transfert de revenus vers ces populations parmi les plus pauvres. La multifonctionalité des espèces gommières et des espaces qui les portent, et la diversité et la pluralité des acteurs concernés doivent être pris en compte par les bailleurs de fonds du développement dans la conception des projets de développement. Des recherches d'accompagnement doivent également être promues pour permettre aux projets de développement de tirer profit de cette multifonctionnalité des gommiers selon des principes socialement et économiquement viables, mais également écologiquement durables: recherches sur l'intégration des gommiers dans des systèmes agro-sylvo-pastoraux stabilisés; recherches sur la mise en place d'une filière organisée allant du petit paysan à l'exportateur. (Résumé d'auteur)

Public confidence in Police produces valuable outcomes for society. The present paper explores the drivers of public confidence in Police in Kashmir, India. The data were collected from 277 citizens and 318 police personnel in Kashmir. The study examined the role of the image of Police, media, the neutrality of Police, and community policing in influencing public confidence in the Police. Results indicated that police personnel considered the neutrality of Police and the role of media as the most crucial determinants of public confidence. However, citizens' expectations were different. Citizens believed that community policing and the image of the Police were essential to elicit their confidence in the Police. The study is a novel attempt to empirically examine the gap between citizens' expectations and the Police's perception of those expectations in a conflict zone. The findings of this study would enable policymakers to design suitable interventions to secure public confidence in Police in a conflict zone.

Aquatic-based processes have not been well studied in tidal freshwater habitats even though they arediverse and highly variable systems. This chapter aims at a synthesis of the state of knowledge about aquaticprimary production in tidal freshwater ecosystems and the main factors that control this process. Suspendedmatter is important in tidal freshwater habitats and it is affected by estuarine processes as well as land use andriver discharge into the tidal freshwater zone from the catchment area. As a result, variation in the amount andquality of suspended matter influences the variability of light availability. The retention and transformationof nitrogen and phosphorus in the tidal freshwater zone is often intense and wetland vegetation has a majorimpact on the silica cycle within the tidal freshwater zone of estuaries. Although the primary producers follow aconstantly changing equilibrium that is influenced by tide action and river discharge, they show characteristicsthat contrast with general ideas about primary producers in estuaries. The scarceness of data, together withweaknesses in methodology to measure or model primary production, is however in striking contrast with thecomplexity and importance of these neglected ecosystems. Nevertheless, within the tidal freshwater zone of theScheldt estuary, two types of phytoplankton communities have been recorded, indicating that a typology forfreshwater tidal systems is waiting to be revealed, taking into account e.g. residence time. The dynamic natureof tidal freshwater habitats implies that static, site-bound legislative protection measures tend to be less efficientthan a functional approach. Comparative estuarine research offers a good opportunity to expand our knowledgeabout the ecological functioning of these important estuarine systems. As an example it is demonstrated here that it is possible to estimate historic suspended matter concentrations.

We propose a magnetometer system fitted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV, or drone) and a data-processing method for detecting metal antipersonnel landmines (M16) in the demilitarized zone (DMZ) in Korea, which is an undeveloped natural environment. The performance of the laser altimeter was improved so that the drone could fly at a low and stable altitude, even in a natural environment with dust and bushes, and a magnetometer was installed on a pendulum to minimize the effects of magnetic noise and vibration from the drone. At a flight altitude of 1 m, the criterion for M16 is 5 nT. Simple low-pass filtering eliminates magnetic swing noise due to pendulum motion, and the moving average method eliminates changes related to the heading of the magnetometer. Magnetic exploration was conducted in an actual mine-removal area near the DMZ in Korea, with nine magnetic anomalies of more than 5 nT detected and a variety of metallic substances found within a 1-m radius of each detection site. The proposed UAV-based landmine detection system is expected to reduce risk to detection personnel and shorten the landmine-detection period by providing accurate scientific information about the detection area prior to military landmine-detection efforts.

This article examines the so-called new school reform movement led by a host of right-wing ideologues, billionaires, and foundations. It argues that instead of being reformers, the latter are part of a counter-revolution in American education to dismantle public schools not because they are failing but because they are public and make a claim, however deficient, to serve the public good. Not only have these non-reformers pushed for classroom practices that are utterly instrumental and reductionistic, they have turned American public schools into disimagination machines divorced from any viable notion of democratic governance and values. They kill the imagination of teachers and students by confusing education with training and teaching with mind-numbing instrumental practices. In opposition to these nonreforms, the article argues for schools as democratic public spheres and develops a theoretical architecture for developing elements of a critical pedagogy that offer a direct challenge to the notion of schools as dead zones engaged in mostly training and testing students.

This article examines the so-called new school reform movement led by a host of right-wing ideologues, billionaires, and foundations. It argues that instead of being reformers, the latter are part of a counter-revolution in American education to dismantle public schools not because they are failing but because they are public and make a claim, however deficient, to serve the public good. Not only have these non-reformers pushed for classroom practices that are utterly instrumental and reductionistic, they have turned American public schools into disimagination machines divorced from any viable notion of democratic governance and values. They kill the imagination of teachers and students by confusing education with training and teaching with mind-numbing instrumental practices. In opposition to these nonreforms, the article argues for schools as democratic public spheres and develops a theoretical architecture for developing elements of a critical pedagogy that offer a direct challenge to the notion of schools as dead zones engaged in mostly training and testing students.

Armed conflict creates a context of high uncertainty and risk, where accurate and verifiable information is extremely difficult to find. This is a prime environment for unverified information—rumors—to spread. Meanwhile, there is insufficient understanding of exactly how rumor transmission occurs within conflict zones. I address this with an examination of the mechanisms through which people evaluate new information. Building on findings from research on motivated reasoning, I argue that elite-driven narrative contests—competitions between elites to define how civilians should understand conflict—increase the difficulty of distinguishing fact from fiction. Civilians respond by attempting thorough evaluations of new information that they hope will allow them to distinguish evidence from narratives. These evaluations tend to involve some combination of self-evaluation, evaluation of the source, and collective sense-making. I examine this argument using over 200 interviews with Syrian refugees conducted in Jordan and Turkey. My findings indicate that people are usually unable to effectively distinguish evidence from narratives, so narrative contests are powerful drivers of rumor evaluation. Still, civilian mechanisms of rumor evaluation do constrain what propaganda elites can spread. These findings contribute to research on civil war, narrative formation, and information diffusion.

AbstractThe treatment of illegalized migrants in Western liberal states has been often characterized by a duality of compassion and repression. Within this dyad, repression is said to be applied with the right hand of the state by the police, border control, refugee status determination units, etc., and compassion with its left hand by social workers, medical staff, as well as civil society organizations and humanitarian agencies. Drawing on the toil of deportation caseworkers in the Netherlands, this article argues that compassion is prevalent not only among those who show benevolence and support illegalized migrants but also among many who work on the repressive side of the divide. However, expressions of compassion by deportation caseworkers do not seem to mitigate an otherwise repressive bureaucratic work. Instead, compassion often helps caseworkers to furnish a comfort zone in which emotions can be discharged and from which caseworkers neutralize potentially disruptive affective dynamics by experiencing them as intrinsic to the law they implement. Compassion not only fails to produce vertical commonality with deportable migrants in vulnerable positions; it also willfully fosters the self‐image of civil servants as humane and sensitive actors as they effectively implement controversial state policies.

Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) atas Pulau Diaoyu/Senkaku oleh Cina pada tanggal 23 November 2013 menimbulkan persoalan tumpang tindih kedaulatan dan mengakibatkan multilateralisasi isu keamanan di Laut Cina Timur. Sebagai konsekuensi atas tindakan Cina tersebut, maka Jepang meningkatkan nasionalisme dan remiliterisasi pasukan bela dirinya. Keputusan dan kebijakan politik luar negeri Cina tersebut dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan internal dan eksternalnya. Kebijakan politik luar negeri memiliki sumber daya internal sebagai input bagi pembuat keputusan yang meliputi determinan internal dan determinan eksternal. Kebijakan Cina ini akan diekplorasi melalui model pembuatan keputusan dalam rangka memahami para pembuat keputusan dan determinan luar negeri yang mempengaruhi dalam proses pengambilan keputusan. Sebagai hasilnya, maka konflik ADIZ yang dilakukan oleh Cina akan menjadi suatu isu 'gun race' (perlombaan senjata) atau'tit-for-tat' (gayung bersambut) antara kekuatan-kekuatan dominan dalam sistem internasional. Kebijakan Cina ini juga akan mewujudkan suatu perimbangan kekuatan (balance of power) yang baru dan dilema keamanan (security dilemma) di Laut Cina Timur. Lebih lanjut bila kompromi tidak dapat dicapai di kawasan tersebut, maka Laut Cina Selatan dan Asia Pasifik akan menjadi lapangan konflik yang baru di masa mendatang. Kata Kunci - Kebijakan Luar Negeri, ADIZ Cina, keseimbangan kekuatan, keamanan Asia Pasifik.

Under a Memorandum of Understanding between Indonesia and Australia, traditional Indonesian fishermen are permitted access to fish in a designated area inside the 200 nautical mile Australian Fishing Zone (AFZ). However, crew and vessels are regularly apprehended for illegal fishing activity outside the permitted areas and, after prosecution in Australian courts, their boats and equipment are destroyed and the fishermen repatriated to Indonesia. This is an ethnographic study of one group of Indonesian maritime people who operate in the AFZ. It concerns Bajo people who originate from villages in the Tukang Besi Islands, Southeast Sulawesi. It explores the social, cultural, economic and historic conditions which underpin Bajo sailing and fishing voyages in the AFZ. It also examines issues concerning Australian maritime expansion and Australian government policies, treatment and understanding of Bajo fishing. The study considers the concept of "traditional" fishing regulating access to the MOU area based on use of unchanging technology, and consequences arising from adherence to such a view of "traditional"; the effect of Australian maritime expansion on Bajo fishing activity; the effectiveness of policy in providing for fishing rights and stopping illegal activity, and why Bajo continue to fish in the AFZ despite a range of ongoing restrictions on their activity.