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In this paper we examine the causal relations between international tourism demand and total exports and its subcomponents (intermediate goods and capital goods) and total imports (intermediate goods and capital goods) in Turkey by using Hacker and Hatemi-J Bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto and Time-Varying Causality tests. The results of the study indicate the causal relations between international tourism demand and exports and imports. The results also indicate that these causal relations between international tourism demand and international trade are not stable. In other words, they have a time-varying nature. Moreover, international tourism demand's contribution to imports is greater than that of exports. Finally, the international tourism demand is more often affected by components of exports and imports and the signs of those effects are generally positive. Thus, policy makers, sector representatives and market professionals related to both international trade and tourism should take into account of this time-varying nature of causal relations between these variables before implementing policies aiming to promote both. ; Bu çalışmada Türkiye'de uluslararası turizm talebi ve toplam ihracat ile alt bileşenleri (aramalları ve sermaye malları) ve toplam ithalat ile alt bileşenleri (aramalları ve sermaye malları) arasındaki nedensel ilişkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada değişkenler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkileri Hacker ve Hatemi- J Bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto ve Zamanla Değişen Nedensellik testleri kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları, uluslararası turizm talebi ile ihracat ve ithalat arasında nedensellik ilişkilerin istikrarsız olduğunu göstermektedir. Başka bir ifadeyle zamanla değişen bir yapıya sahiptir. Ayrıca, uluslararası turizm talebinin ithalata katkısı, ihracata katkısından daha büyüktür. Son olarak, uluslararası turizm talebinin ihracat ve ithalat bileşenlerine etkisi genellikle pozitif yöndedir. Bu nedenle politika yapıcıları, sektör temsilcileri ve piyasa profesyonelleri hem uluslararası ticareti hem de uluslararası turizmi teşvik etmeyi amaçlayan politikaları geliştirmeden ve uygulamadan önce değişkenler arasında tespit edilen zamanla değişen nedensellik ilişkilerini göz önüne almalıdırlar.

Many of our theories of international politics rely on microfoundations. In this short note, I suggest that although there has been increasing interest in microfoundations in international relations (IR) over the past 20 years, the frequency with which the concept is invoked belies a surprising lack of specificity about what microfoundations are, or explicit arguments about why we should study them. I then offer an argument about the value of micro-level approaches to the study of conflict. My claim is not that all theories of IR need to be developed or tested at the micro-level in order to be satisfying, but rather, that many of our theories in IR already rest on lower-level mechanisms—they either leave these assumptions unarticulated or fail to test them directly. In these circumstances, theorizing and testing micro-level dynamics will be especially helpful. I illustrate my argument using the case of resolve, one of the central explanatory variables in the study of international security. I argue that the absence of microfoundations for resolve is one reason why IR scholars have had difficulties testing whether resolve has the effects we often claim, and sketch out a two-stage research design political scientists can use to study unobservable phenomena.

AbstractThe author analyzes why it is that international law has problems accommodating international organizations, and argues that this (partly) finds it cause in the circumstance that organizations are multi-layered entities. Some of the more central doctrines of international law (in particular the law of treaties; to some extent also the law of responsibility) are, however, better suited to deal with unitary entities such as states. In order to overcome such systemic difficulties, the author carefully advocates a reconceptualization of both international organizations and the system of public international law.

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