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Desde el siglo XIX, el análisis de la planificación y desarrollo de las batallas, sus tácticas y estrategias en los reinos de Castilla y León durante la Alta Edad Media habían estado en manos de militares y estaban fuertemente influenciados por supuestos positivistas. A partir de la década de 1970, se extienden gradualmente en las universidades españolas las principales corrientes historiográficas -principalmente de los Annales y el Marxismo- que estaban altamente concentradas en aspectos socioeconómicos, junto con ciertos prejuicios políticos existentes en ese momento, estos temas estuvieron en la periferia de los intereses de los investigadores medievalistas. Sólo a partir de mediados de los años 90, la renovación historiográfica habida en este tema de investigación, con influencias de la Historiografía de los países de habla inglesa y francesa, ha posibilitado este estudio en los círculos académicos reconocidos y actuales. ; Since the 19th century, the analysis of planning and execution of battles, tactics and strategies in Castile-Leon during the High Middle Ages had been in the hands of professional militia and was strongly influenced by positivist assumptions. Starting in the 1970s, the gradual extension of major historiographical currents —mainly Annales and Marxism— which were highly focused on socio-economic aspects, at Spanish universities, along with certain political prejudices existing at that time, kept these topics on the periphery of professional medievalism interests. Only starting in the mid-'90s would a renewal in these fields begin to come about, with influences from English-speaking and French historiography, which has made it possible to bring this subject into the academic mainstream at the present time. ; Trabajo finnaciado por: Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. Proyectos FFI2012-31813 y HAR2012-32790 Universidad de Extremadura. Ayudas a Grupos de Investigación HUM023 ; peerReviewed

This paper examines the diplomatic activity of the Abbé Correia da Serra (1751-1823), the first Portuguese Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States, in connection with the use of American ports by privateers preying on Portugal's commerce with Brazil, its South American colony. Despite his connections to the political and intellectual circles in the United States capital at the time, and the justness of Portuguese grievances against the American government in this matter, Correia da Serra's remonstrance went unheeded in Washington, as they collided with the underlying principles of its foreign policy towards Latin America in the first quarter of the nineteenth century. The so-called Monroe Doctrine implied that the original American project of revolution could be applied to the whole continent and that it was the "manifest destiny" of the United States to assume the role of guardian of the Americas. American public opinion and its more radical press were not sympathetic to Old World monarchies, and so it was particularly difficult for Correia da Serra to prevent Brazilian revolutionaries from gathering support in the United States for their independence movement and for the American government to enforce the neutrality legislation approved by Congress to punish the activity of privateers. ; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia

Poetry in present day Canada begun almost simultaneously with the European colonization of those regions of the New World. Many of their first poets had been forced to immigrate into these unknown parts of the world. Albeit the stylistic belatedness (as compared to their European standards and contemporaries), their poems remain invaluable documents for the understanding of history of the literary of cultural growth in Canada, and of its social and political contradictions and tensions. In fact, long before the urban shift in North-American in late 19th century, Canadian English poets had been giving a significant contribution to the building up of a national identity, mostly through their exploration of the pastoral myth. This essay interprets some significant moments and authors of this process. ; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia

On the basis of existing taxation, Revenue Receipts for
1961-62 are placed at Rs. 215.53 crores. With Revenue Expenditure at Rs.
191.90 crores, the surplus amounts to Rs. 23.63 crores. The Revenue
Receipts for 1961-62 show an increase of Rs. 18.79 crores over the
Revised Revenue Estimates for 1960-61. With respect to Revenue
Expenditure there was also an increase of Rs. 17.69 crores. The surplus
on Revenue Budget for 1961-62 is expected to be higher by Rs. 1.10
crores than for 1960-61. The estimates of Capital Expenditure for
1961-62 total to Rs. 229.94 crores which reflects a rise of Rs. 26.08
crores over 1960-61 (Revised Estimates). In the Revenue Budget, the
anticipated increase from Rs. 196.74 crores in 1960-61 to Rs. 215.53
crores in 1961-62 was expected to emerge chiefly from Customs, Central
Excise Duties, and Interest Receipts. Collections under Customs Duties
are expected to increase by Rs. 6.95 crores from Rs. 53.45 crores to Rs.
60.40 crores, under Central Excise Duties, by Rs. 1.36 crores from Rs.
32.33 crores to Rs. 34.07 crores and under Interest Receipts, by Rs.
4.05 crcres from Rs. 8.89 crores to Rs. 12.94 crores. On the Expenditure
side, the increase from Rs. 174.21 crores to Rs. 191.90 crores is
largely accounted for by Non-Development Expenditure on Debt Service and
Frontier Regions. A small increase of Rs. 1.76 crores is also estimated
in the field of Agriculture under Development Expenditure.

"Reprinted from the Department of State bulletin of October 10, 1955; released November 1955"--P. 20. ; Mode of access: Internet.

"First appeared as a series of articles [in] the March and April issues of the Monthly Labor Review." ; Bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; OSU's c.2, in Arnold Johnson Collection.

"Text of the political report to the 14th National Convention of the Communist Party, August 2-6, 1948, given by the Party's general secretary." ; Mode of access: Internet.

"First printing." ; Bibliography: p. 123-125. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Xerox copy; Ann Arbor, Mich., University Microfilms, 1974. ; Mode of access: Internet.

First and 3d pamphlets are addresses, Jan. 20, 1922 and Dec. 7, 1923 at the University of the Philippines; the 2d, is a lecture at the University of Michigan, Dec. 14, 1925. ; Binder's title for pamphlets, each published independently. ; Leadership in the great democracies of the world.--The problem of democratic government in the Philippines.--The constitutional development of Philippine autonomy. ; Mode of access: Internet.