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In November of 1998 The Journal of the American Medical Association devoted an entire issue to alternative medicine for the first time in its publishing history. According to survey results reported in the journal, 83 million Americans used some form of alternative medicine to preserve and maintain their health in 1997, a sharp increase from the 61 million who turned to alternative forms of care in 1990. Michael S. Goldstein's Alternative Health Care is the first comprehensive account of the growing presence of alternative medicine in American society. Beginning with the basic premises of alte

This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay". LoGov aims to provide solutions for local governments that address the fundamental challenges resulting from urbanisation. To address this complex issue, 18 partners from 17 countries and six continents share their expertise and knowledge in the realms of public law, political science, and public administration. LoGov identifies, evaluates, compares, and shares innovative practices that cope with the impact of changing urban-rural relations in five major local government areas: (1) local responsibilities and public services, (2) local financial arrangements, (3) structure of local government, (4) intergovernmental relations of local governments, and (5) people's participation in local decision-making. The present entry addresses local responsibilities and public services in Germany. The entry forms part of the LoGov Report on Germany. To access the full version of the report on Germany, other practices regarding responsibilities and public services and to receive more information about the project, please visit: https://www.logov-rise.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 823961.

In large systems, such as health care, reforms are underway constantly. The article presents a definition of health care reform and factors that influence its success. The factors being discussed range from knowledgeable personnel, the role of involvement of international experts and all stakeholders in the country, the importance of electoral mandate and governmental support, leadership and clear and transparent communication. The goals set need to be clear, and it is helpful to have good data and analytical support in the process. Despite all debates and experiences, it is impossible to clearly define the best approach to tackle health care reform due to a different configuration of governance structure, political will and state of the economy in a country.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Formal Public Health Care Structure and the Pandemic -- Where Lies the Deficiency? -- The Health Care Activities of Non-Covid-19 Nature -- The Inept Handling of Public Health Resources -- Inept Handling in Maharashtra -- Health Care Infrastructure at the Periphery and Covid-19 -- When the Governments Function Well and People Cooperate -- Inept Handling of Data -- The Challenge of Urban Prevalence -- The Illegitimate Scare of Rising Covid-19 Numbers -- The Good Statistics -- The Covid-19 and Public Health Measures -- Migrant Workers as a Health Issue -- How Serious Was the Spread After Migration? -- Migrant Labor-Whose Failure Is It? -- Failure of Employers and House Owners -- Was It Failure of the Central Government? -- Engineered Migrations -- Deaths During Migration -- Herd Immunity -- A Good Measure to Meet the High Covid-19 Patient Load -- Non-Health Care Decisions and Actions -- The Heroes of the Struggle -- Down Side of Dealing with Doctors and Paramedics -- The AYUSH Ministry Contribution -- References -- Chapter 2: Philosophical and Social Basis of Reorganization -- Background Changes over Last 30 Years -- Health Thinking: 70 Years Sans New Ideas -- Some Philosophical Considerations: The Hegelian Idea -- How Humans Deal with Obsolescence in General -- Limitations within Health Thinking -- Consequent Failure of Primary Care -- Need for a Philosophical Basis for Reorganization -- The Health Theorists and the Indian Scenario -- Reorganization: What It Does and Does Not Mean? -- Criteria for the Four Rs -- Structural Reforms and the Four Rs -- The Social Basis of the Context of Reorganization -- The Population Shifts -- Will Smart City Idea Help? -- Pervasive, Iniquitous Modern Medicine: Will it Help? -- Will the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Help?.

About the guest editor. Benn Greenspan has been the President andCEO of the Sinai Health System since January 1991. He heldnumerous positions within the growing Sinai Health System for 15years before he became the CEO. During his tenure as CEO, MountSinai Hospital won the Foster McGaw prize - the industry's nationalaward for creative and effective community health service

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Figures -- 1 The Ingredients Needed to Perform Clinical Research Successfully -- 2 Observed Parameters of Efficacy -- 3 The Randomised Controlled Trial -- 4 Objectivism and Subjectivism -- Tables -- 1 Alternative Economic Analyses for Health and Health Care Evaluation -- 2 Some Utilities for Health States -- 3 Issues in the Measurement of Utility and CUA -- 4 Essential Design Features for Studies Evaluating the Efficacy of a Diagnostic Test -- 5 Relative Risk Reduction -- 6 Components of Decline in Coronary Heart Disease -- 7 National Estimates of Physical Limitations and Social Conditions by Age and Sex (%) -- 8 Advantages and Limitations of Three Major Field Approaches -- 9 Advantages and Limitations of Three Major Field Approaches, Given the Impairment and Attitudes of the Oldest Old -- 10 The Focus of Various Methods of Social Research -- 11 Reported Illness Among Male Respondents, Denmark, 1952-4 -- 12 The Association Between Stress and Anxiety Estimated Using Both Simultaneous and Sequential Data Collection Methods -- 13 The Association Between Stress and Anxiety (1) -- 14 The Association Between Stress and Anxiety (2) -- 15 Initial Elicitation Question (random Sample) -- 16 Initial Elicitation Question (down's Syndrome Cases) -- 17 Cardiologists' Reasons for Ordering the Test -- List of Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction: The Problem as We Saw It -- Part I: Issues of Policy -- 1 The Perspective of the Policy Maker on Health Care Research and Evaluation -- 2 Cost-Utility Analyses in Health Care: Present Status and Future Issues -- Part II: the Randomised Controlled Trial -- 3 Randomised Controlled Trials in Health Care Research -- 4 The Impact of Clinical Research on Clinical Practice.

This book analyses micro-level gender issues and other social factors impacting macro-level health care systems. Examining the health and health care issues of patients and providers of care both in the United States and in other countries, chapters focus on linkages to policy and population concerns as ways to meet global health care needs