Abstract With the enactment of the Lisbon Treaty, EU law gained supremacy over national law in ten areas of criminal law (with the possibility of extension in the future) treated as particularly serious crimes with a cross-border dimension and the right to enact directives. The question arises if and when direct effect is possible in criminal law, taking account of developments and applications of this principle in other areas of EU law. To answer this question, the following tasks are necessary: (1) to discuss the role of principles in criminal law, (2) to define the principle of direct effect through the academic literature and the jurisprudence of the CJEU, (3) to discuss whether directives could have direct effect in criminal law, and (4) to analyze the EU's impact on Lithuanian national criminal law through an analysis of the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Lithuania.
The subject of the study is the criminal policy in the context of contradictions in the functioning of the courts.The purpose of the study is to investigate, which contradictions of criminal policy are generated by a multi-level system of courts, and which mechanisms for overcoming them in order to optimize criminal policy could be found out.The methodology. In modern conditions of diversification of methodological approaches to organizing and conducting political-legal research, it is important not to discard, but to rethink and rediscover the epistemological possibilities of the methods of classical science, especially the method of dialectical analysis.The main results and scope of the study. The use of the category "dialectical contradiction" for the purpose of studying the problems of the functioning of the courts in terms of the interpretation and application of criminal law provisions opens up new possibilities in the study of criminal and judicial policy, as well as determining the prospects for its development. In the study, the law enforcement contradictions of criminal policy refer to the relations between courts of various types and levels that develop in the course of their functioning and reflect the opposite approaches of law enforcement bodies to the interpretation and application of criminal legislation. Considering the level and type of legal proceedings, these contradictions can be summarized in the following groups: (a) between national and international courts; (b) between superior courts of the national legal system; (c) between the courts of various instances of the system of courts of general jurisdiction.The contradictions between national and international courts, emerging in the field of protection of human rights and freedoms, are an objective source of development of judicial practice and policy. The resolution of these contradictions is based on the consensus of various courts and compromise. If the position of the European Court of Human Rights does not contradict the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the state adjusts its legal practice in the direction set by the authoritative international instance by means of: (a) direct application of national legislation with due regard for the ECHR's legal positions; (b) the application of national legislation in its constitutional interpretation by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, which does not differ from the decisions and positions of the ECHR; (c) amending national legal acts in pursuance of ECHR judgments. In exceptional cases, when the position of the European Court touches upon issues of the country's constitutional identity, the contradiction between the international and national legal order is resolved by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the basis of the priority of constitutional norms.At the level of the superior national courts the contradictions are represented by the differing positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the assessment and interpretation of criminal law provisions. Such contradictions can be thought of as latent until they are not revealed in constitutional proceedings. The identification and resolution of these contradictions is the most important direction of legal policy in the country; it reflects the consistent solution of the aim of constitutionalization of the criminal law.At the level of the system of courts of general jurisdiction, the concept of "contradiction" can only be applied to those differing approaches of the courts to solving criminal cases that do not go beyond the rule of law. Contradictions arise only when, having correctly established the factual circumstances of the case, the courts disagree in the choice of the legal provision to be applied, although any such choice can be explained and motivated. These contradictions may or may not be related to the quality of criminal legislation. Therefore, the mechanism for their resolution includes not only law revision. It is important to use the capabilities of the judicial system itself to develop a consensual understanding of the textual content of the criminal law and the rules for its application.Conclusions. Overcoming the contradictions of the judicial criminal policy is possible only in the process of communication and dialogue between the courts of different levels on the basis of differentiation of jurisdiction, respect for authority and independence. ; Рассматриваются противоречия судебного уровня реализации уголовной политики, которые складываются в сфере функционирования международных и национальных судов различных уровней при толковании, оценке и применении правовых норм. Предлагается классификация этих противоречий на основе уровня, вида судопроизводства и источника возникновения, которая помогает лучше понять механизм функционирования судебной системы, роль судов в обеспечении верховенства права. Принимая во внимание диалектическую природу противоречий, доказывается, что механизм их преодоления должен включать в себя как организационные решения в части разграничения компетенции судов, так и идейно-нормативные решения, обеспечивающие компромисс судебных позиций ради достижения общей цели соблюдения прав человека при разрешении уголовно-правового конфликта.
Introduction / Zoltan Szente and Konrad Lachmayer -- 1. Conceptualising the principle of effective legal protection in administrative law / Zoltan Szente -- 2. Effective legal protection in the Eropean legal order / Christoph Gorisch -- 3. Creating a European-wide standard of effective legal protection : the Eeuropean Convention on Human Rights / Marten Breuer -- 4. Effective legal protection in international law / Stephan Wittich -- 5. The principle of effective legal protection in Austrian administrative law / Ulrike Giera, Konrad Lachmayer -- 6. The principle of effective legal protection in Danish administrative law / SØREN HØJGAARD MØRUP -- 7. The effective legal protection in French administrative law / Sylvia Calmes-Brunet -- 8. The principle of effective legal protection in German administrative law / Diana Princess of Hohenlohe-Oehringen -- 9. The principle of effective legal protection in Hungarian administrative law / Fruzsina Gardos-Orosz and Istvan Temesi -- 10. The principle of effective legal protection in Italian administrative law / Fulvio Cortese -- 11. The principle of effective legal protection in administrative law in Lithuania / Jurgita Pauzaite-Kulvinskiene -- 12. Dilemmas and challenges of legal protection against administrative actions in the republic macedonia / Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova and Renata Treneska-Deskoska -- 13. The principle of effective legal protection in administrative law : the Netherlands / Karianne Albers, Lise Kjellevold and Raymond Schlossels -- 14. The principle of effective legal protection in Polish administrative law / Joanna Lemanska -- 15. Effective legal protection in administrative law in Slovenia Erik Kersevan -- 16. The principle of effective legal protection in Spanish administrative law / Angel Manuel Moreno -- 17. The principle of effective legal protection in the Swiss administrative law / Felix Uhlmann -- 18. The principle of effective legal protection in administrative law in the United Kingdom / Robert Thomas -- 19. The principle of effective legal protection in international and European law : comparative report / Konrad Lachmayer -- 20. The principle of effective legal protection in administrative law : a comparison / Zoltan Szente.
