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A review of the feminist and psychological literature provided a framework for the examination of feminism within a multidimensional context. Specifically, this framework provided support for the existence of two dimensions of feminism: Liberal Feminism and Radical Feminism. The purpose of the present study was to construct two scales to measure Liberal and Radical Feminism, using the rational-empirical method for test construction. This method of test construction is based on substantive, structural, and external validity considerations. The substantive component refers to the construction of a priori definitions of the two constructs. These scale definitions were derived from an examination of the feminist and psychological literature. One hundred items were written to reflect each scale definition. These items were then submitted to an independent editor for evaluation. Assessment of the structural and external validity criteria was based on the responses of 251 female subjects. A sample of 94 male subjects served as a validation sample. Items meeting the structural validity criteria were identified and retained for further analysis. Further analyses resulted in two final twenty-item scales to measure Liberal and Radical Feminism. The external validity of the final scales was assessed by examining a number of convergent and discriminant relationships between the final scales and selected measures of personality, a measure of feminism, and participants' behavior in the last year. The rational-empirical method of test construction resulted in two final scales with excellent psychometric properties and promising convergent and discriminant validity. Directions for future research and scale development were discussed and focused primarily on (1) establishing additional indices of reliability and validity with a new sample, (2) the importance of conducting a known groups analysis, and (3) the need for future research to move beyond a trait approach to develop an interactional model which would permit research questions regarding reciprocal causation.Dept. of Psychology. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis1990 .F677. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 53-01, Section: B, page: 0604. Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 1990.

The article highlights the comparative analysis of the conflict-of-laws regulation of intellectual property rights in international, European and Russian law. It is concluded that lex loci protectionis as the main conflict-of laws rule in this area has an ambiguous interpretation, cannot be recognized as lex fori – the law of the country where the competent court is seated, but should be generally understood as the law of the country where the legal protection of the relevant intellectual property object is provided. In addition, in some cases it seems reasonable to apply lex loci originis, lex loci actus and lex loci delicti, as well as lex voluntatis and lex loci solutionis – to contractual relations. In the case of non-contractual infringement of intellectual property rights granted and protected on the territory of several states, including on the Internet, the key issue is to establish the closest connection of the civil legal relationship with a particular state, taking into account various factors (the place of origin or registration of an intellectual property object, the place of committing infringement, the place of occurrence of negative consequences for the intellectual right holder, the orientation of a website to a specific state, the location of a competent court, etc.).
It is also argued to enshrine the provisions on the intellectual property statute in Section VI "Private International Law" of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, including the following issues of its scope: a) authorship; b) types of protected intellectual property objects; c) requirements for the legal protection of intellectual property objects, including registration issues and other formalities to be executed; d) the types, content and effect of intellectual rights arising in relation to intellectual property objects, including the restrictions provided by law and the duration of legal protection; e) the emergence, exercise and termination of intellectual rights, including permissible ways of disposing of them; f) non-contractual protection of intellectual rights.

Раздел "Международные отношения" ; В статье рассматривается место энергетического фактора в современных международных отношениях. Автором проведен анализ работ зарубежных ученых, который позволил выделить ключевых акторов на международной арене, влияющих на состояние энергетической безопасности государств планеты, а также представлен прогноз относительно возможных изменений в мировом энергетическом секторе в связи с использованием нетрадиционных горючих полезных ископаемых. На основании конкретных примеров автор продемонстрировал роль вопросов распределения и обладания энергетическими ресурсами в политических отношениях между странами. = The article discusses the role of energy factor in modern international relations. Based on the analysis of various works of foreign academics, the author identifi es the key actors in the international arena that infl uence energy security of the states around the world, as well as makes the forecast on the possible changes within the global energy sector due to the use of unconventional fossil fuels. Specifi c examples, provided by the author, demonstrate the role of the distribution and possession of energy resources in political relations between countries.

During the start of the venture entrepreneurs rely on a number of techniques and strategies to make decisions. Effectuation and causation are important modes of this decision making process. The theory on effectuation is advancing from an early to a mature phase globally thus it's important to understand its dimensions and their influence on the firm's performance. This study explores the use of this effectual logic in micro and small firms operating in Pakistan and its influence on the financial performance and level of innovation in these firms. Although few researches have been focused on the antecedents and dependents of effectuation but none have arrived at a consensus on the appropriate variables. In Pakistan, as it's a relatively new concept although being applied, there is all the more need to assess the nature of effect these variables could have on some of the important outcomes of the firm. This research contributes to existing literature by providing relationship of effectuation with, another important, variable of innovation in the firm. In this empirical study, a sample of 166 micro and small firm entrepreneurs was used all operating businesses within Pakistan. A survey, through a questionnaire, was conducted using snowball sampling. Findings indicate that use of effectuation is positively correlated with both higher perceived financial performance and level of innovation employed in the firms. Also not all effectual constructs have uniform influence on the variables which explains the formative nature of the logic of effectuation. A few implications of this study and future research areas have also been identified.

International audience ; This paper will study the differences between the EU and China on the understanding of human rights and national sovereignty and their impact on EU-China political relations. The paper will be divided into the following parts. The first part will give a review of the concepts of both sovereignty and human rights and the rising concern of human rights in the contemporary world. The second part will study the EU's policy of human rights to find out why the EU adheres to its values. The third part will look at China's policy on sovereignty and human rights. The fourth part will examine EU-China political relations and analyse the difficulties in bilateral relations, due to differences in values between the EU and China. The fifth part will draw some tentative conclusion.

The Covid-19 pandemic is turning the world upside down, affecting almost all private and public domains, including child protection. In order to shed some light on the consequences of the early months of the pandemic for organized child protection, the project "Child and Youth Welfare Services and Social Change" at the German Youth Institute (www.dji.de/jhsw) conducted a brief online survey of local Children and Youth Welfare Authorities in spring 2020. In order to frame and contextualise the empirical findings, we also conducted a narrative review of the professional discourse in spring and summer 2020. The results of our study have already been widely disseminated in the national context (e.g. Mairhofer et al. 2020, 2021 a,b,c). In addition, the final report of the study was translated into Croatian language on behalf of the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Croatia. With this report we would like to make selected results of our study and our literature research also available to a more general international audience. Although our survey investigated several facets of child and youth welfare services, this article only presents selected findings relating to child protection and positions them in the context of further reflections on child protection in times of pandemic. Child protection is characterized by a high degree of complexity, uncertainty and ambiguity. What is already true under "normal" conditions is even truer in the current exceptional pandemic situation, as will be shown in this article. The pandemic has acted as a multiplier, intensifying the structural challenges of organized child protection. This finding follows from a narrative review of literature and empirical results of our nationwide survey of local Child and Youth Welfare Authorities.

"Die Studie stellt eine empirische Überprüfung von Mediator- und Moderator-Effekten im Rahmen einer modellgebundenen, statistischen Erklärung von Geldspendenverhalten vor. Mittels Daten eines deutschlandweiten CATI-Surveys mit zwei Erhebungswellen aus dem Jahr 2005 wird nachgewiesen, dass Effekte der Verhaltenseinstellung und der subjektiv wahrgenommenen Norm, die auf das Spendenverhalten einwirken, komplett durch die Verhaltensintention vermittelt werden (wie von Ajzen/ Fishbein 1980 postuliert). Zudem zeigt sich in einem erweiterten Modell im Kontext dualer Prozesstheorien der Informationsverarbeitung, dass die Antwortlatenzzeit der Verhaltensintentionsangabe (als Maß für den Modus der Informationsverarbeitung) ein signifikanter Moderator des direkten Effektes der Verhaltensintention sowie des indirekten Effektes der Verhaltenseinstellung auf das Spendenverhalten ist: beide Effekte sind signifikant stärker bei kurzen Latenzzeiten der Verhaltensintention (versus langen)." (Autorenreferat)

Discusses extent to which the identity of Latin American societies seems firmly tied to Western values at the present time; explores the possibility that scarce resources in land, water, and energy, often related to ethnic or cultural factors and property rights, might at some time in the future become the cause of international conflicts. Summary in English p. 496.

Untersucht werden die trilateralen Beziehungen zwischen den USA, Westeuropa und Japan sowie die Frage, wie sich die vergleichsweise engen Beziehungen zwischen den USA und Westeuropa auf die Außenpolitik Japans auswirken