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Why is the policy of no alternatives so dangerous? -- What does "crisis policy" mean and why do its consequences have a disintegrative effect? -- What are the costs of the low interest rate policy? -- How much was the debt relief for Greece really? -- To what extent do national additional money and the ECB's bond-buying programmes endanger the unity of the monetary union?

The European integration model has proven to be so far a successful one, with a high consideration from the other countries of the world and their attempts to replicate its components and to learn from its experience of regional integration is perhaps the most sincere form of appreciation. Contemporary global economy knows various other models of economic integration, but none of the existing forms of regional integration was not up to the achievements of the EU which is distinguished primarily by the stage reached and function andits ability to create unity in the context of diversity. Irreversible process, and currently ongoing, and designed to produce positive results in perspective, the enlargement is one of the most significant factors of European construction success, always accompanying its history, marking the development, institutional structure, mode of cooperation and its policies. For these reasons, the present paper aims to approach the European integration model by the factors that influenced the enlargement and also by the course of events that are reflected in so-called "waves" of EU enlargement.

The rise of Euroscepticism and populist backlash pose a dramatic challenge to the EU and highlight the EU's growing legal powers over core areas of state sovereignty. Authored by leading academics and policymakers, this book provides a comprehensive and cutting-edge analysis of the fields of EU law at the heart of contemporary political debates - economic policy, human migration, internal security, and constitutional fundamentals at the national level. Following the specialist contributions, the conclusion draws out critical, cross-cutting lessons for improving legitimacy and advancing the rule of law, rights and democracy in sovereignty-sensitive areas of EU law. Accessible to students, this volume is an invaluable resource for researchers and scholars of EU law and politics.

Analysing the impact of EU law beyond its borders, this book examines the use of law as a powerful instrument of EU external action and addresses some of the normative challenges this poses. The 'global reach' of EU law is examined in policy areas of the environment, the internet and data protection, banking and financial markets, competition policy and migration.

1. The EU in the current nuclear order -- 2. The four steps of EU's nuclear dance with Iran : the timeline -- 3. Multilateral negotiations, bilateral results -- 4. The fight for the right to enrich -- 5. The power of sanctions -- 6. The militarization of non-proliferation -- 7. Transforming the nuclear order : policy lessons learned.

The issue of state aid is crucial for the EU Member States that are implementing favorable tax regimes to foster investments and business activities performed by their tax resident companies. Up until recently, according to the General Court of the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter – CJEU), where the European Commission (EC) has been assessing whether a specific tax measure qualifies as a state aid, it had been required to prove that such measure favors certain undertakings capable of identification because of characteristics specific to them that other undertakings do not possess. This approach has changed by the Judgment of the Court of Justice delivered on 21 December 2016 in joined cases C‑20/15 P and C‑21/15 P with which the EC burden of proof has been substantially eased in classifying measure at issue as selective. The aim of the research is, by researching the reasoning behind the conclusion reached by the Court of Justice and jurisprudence on fiscal state aid, to evaluate whether any fiscal measure introduced in the future that is not exempt under de minimis provision or other exemptions eventually may be classified as selective. Main research methods are legal theory research as well as applied law reform research. Theoretical research underlying the paper is focused on the analysis of the CJEU case-law related to the judgment, as well as the analysis of related publications and opinions, whereas the applied law research includes the analysis of social and economic impact of the CJEU and EC position on state aid in fiscal measures. The findings of the research determine to what extent the EC will have more leeway in investigations into state aid tax measures as it will not have to identify a specific category of beneficiaries. In its conclusion, the paper addresses the question of whether the EU Member States may practically in the future implement any fiscal favorable regime (and maintain existing ones) without a risk of the regime at issue being classified as selective. ; peer-reviewed

Spain and the European Union.Carlos Closa y Paul Heywood. Basingstoke: Palgrave/Macmillan, 2004.

International audience ; This paper examines regional mobility in the spatial distribution of per capita in- come in the European Union over the period 1977-1999. The methodology used to investigate this issue combines a series of measures taken from the literature devoted to the dynamic study of personal income distribution with a non-parametric analysis. The results show limited mobility in the distribution considered, and a decline in mobility over time. The empirical evidence presented indicates, moreover, that mobility patterns vary as a function of regional development levels. Additionally, the analysis carried out investigates the role played in explaining intra-distribution mobility by variables such as per capita income, population density, per capita expenditure in investment, market potential, and the share in total employment of agriculture, advanced services and non-market services.

This paper examines regional mobility in the spatial distribution of per capita in-
come in the European Union over the period 1977-1999. The methodology used to
investigate this issue combines a series of measures taken from the literature devoted to the dynamic study of personal income distribution with a non-parametric analysis. The results show limited mobility in the distribution considered, and a decline in mobility over time. The empirical evidence presented indicates, moreover, that mobility patterns vary as a function of regional development levels. Additionally, the analysis carried out investigates the role played in explaining intra-distribution mobility by variables such as per capita income, population density, per capita expenditure in investment, market potential, and the share in total employment of agriculture, advanced services and
non-market services.

AbstractDifferentiation has become a salient feature of European integration. Yet systematic empirical evidence is lacking about its origins, duration and variation across countries and policies. This article provides such evidence from a new data set on differentiation in European Union treaty law. In addition, it is argued that two logics of treaty‐based differentiation are at work. 'Instrumental differentiation' originates in enlargement and is motivated by efficiency and distributional concerns. 'Constitutional differentiation' has its origins in treaty revisions and is motivated by concerns about national sovereignty and identity. It is driven by Eurosceptic Member States that are opposed ideologically, or fear popular resistance, to the supranational centralization of core state powers.

One of the cornerstones of the European Union (EU) is the economic leveling of its regions. For that purpose, there are funds from which are financed projects of mutual interest. In order to prevent potential corruption in their use, the EU adopted several acts that recommending incorporation of mechanisms for protecting the allocated funds in accordance with their purpose in national legislation. As a candidate country and as a beneficiary of funds from the European sources, the Republic of Macedonia implements mostly of those recommendations. Through their analysis and review of laws in several Balkan countries, this paper detects the best anti-fraud measures for protection of EU financial interests. Key words: European Union, financial resources, fraud, protection.