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One of the first studies to make cross-cultural comparisons of the socio-cultural aspects of the Cold War, these essays explore a range of issues including: broadcasting, public opinion and the consumption of popular culture.

In this article the problem of philosophical and legal aspects of principles of law is researched. This is one of the fundamental problems that contains a wide range of multifaceted issues. It is difficult to reach general approach or definition on this. On the one hand, the principles of law reflect the spiritual, historical, social, political, cultural and other features of society, transforming and modifying them in concentrated form. On the other - through the principles of law universally recognized social values are implemented in life and are implicated in legal activities. Principles of law is considered as legal ideas that reflect basic human values, revealed the essence of law and determine the content and direction of legal regulation and development of society. Genetic characterization of the principles of law is in the determination of their objective social features. Fundamental ideas of law are not arbitrary constructions of the human mind, but they are the particular forms of expression of objective social features. Principles of law fixed in its content substantial connection available in the community and law. They made possible establishing a procedure for public relations, which most contributed to their strengthening and development. Principles of law are specified in the legal norm and they are the means of institutionalizing of natural law concepts. This moral and legal nature of a number of general principles of law allows considering in legal regulation the traditional customary laws and other forms of social self-regulation. This is made possible to adopt law to the changing social reality. ; Здійснено філософсько-правовий аналіз принципів права, які запропоновано розгля-дати як вихідні правові ідеї, що відображають засадничі загальнолюдські цінності, роз-кривають сутність права та визначають зміст і спрямованість правового регулювання та розвитку суспільства. Ключові слова: принципи права, загальнолюдські цінності, сутність права, справед-ливість, рівність, верховенство права.

This is the first in a two volume study of Corporate Social Responsibility and corporate behaviour from around the world, taking in viewpoints from five continents and over ten countries. These case studies present a detailed analysis of best practice in the corporate world in the areas of social ethics and community engagement.

Political philosophy and feminist theory have rarely examined in detail how capitalism affects the lives of women. Ann Cudd and Nancy Holmstrom take up opposing sides of the issue, debating whether capitalism is valuable as an ideal and whether as an actually existing economic system it is good for women. In a discussion covering a broad range of social and economic issues, including unequal pay, industrial reforms and sweatshops, they examine how these and other issues relate to women and how effectively to analyze what constitutes 'capitalism' and 'women's interests'. Each author also responds to the opposing arguments, providing a thorough debate of the topics covered. The resulting volume will interest a wide range of readers in philosophy, political theory, women's studies and global affairs

Introduction. Space acts as a basic category for many phenomena of the human world. Therefore, a full understanding and analysis of space is possible only when we take into account the presence of a person in it. The purpose of the study is the need to trace the close interrelation of human existence and space, their mutual influence and interdependence. The relevance of the paper is connected with the need to enlarge the category of space in the gender aspect of being. The research novelty consists in the attempt to systematize the accumulated knowledge in the field of the study of the category of space and its gender characteristics.Methodology and sources. The methodological basis of the work are philosophical analysis and cultural analysis. The main approach in the work is interdisciplinary. We used as sources philosophical works related to the problem of space (M. Heidegger, M. Foucault, M. Merleau- Ponty, G. Marcel) and gender (G. Marcuse, M. Foucault, J. Derrida, J. Lacan, Ju. Kristeva), theoretical works on architecture (A. Ikonnikov, A. Nekrasov, K. Nornberg-Schultz, A. Gabrichevsky), as well as some sociological works (P. Bourdieu, M. Vilkovsky, S.O. Khan- Magomedov). Separate works on semiotics (U. Eco) and the issues of metaphorization in culture (O. Freudenberg, E.S. Kubryakova) provided tangible assistance in the preparation of this text.Results and discussion. Being a fundamental ontological category, space is explored in various aspects of humanitarian discourse. The history of culture shows us the mobility of the categories "masculinity" and "femininity", therefore, a natural question arises about the regular revision of these concepts, that affect the spatial characteristics of being in a specific historical epoch. In the course of the study, the following results were obtained. Based on the analysis of works from the field of anthropology, the study of the body and gender, as well as by identifying the features of the formation of architectural space, we can say that there is a close relationship between space and person. Our research shows that the body is the background of cognition of the world and the individual oneself, therefore it acts as the basis for the formation of a gender metaphor. We have studied the works of architects, and it was concluded that it is impossible to "catch" a specifically feminine or masculine manner in the professional activity of an architect. The reason is that, first of all, the architect is faced with a specific order and certain technical tasks.Conclusion. As a basic characteristic of human existence, space appears in human existence also as a communicative sphere. The primary bodily experience of space, that a human being gets from birth, largely determines the background of cognition of the world. Moreover, the space can carry gender-marked or gender-neutral information, and that gives us a reason to talk about the problem of perception and influence on a person. This can be traced through the metaphor of the architectural language, the ways of space organizing, highlighting with color, shape and construction. Therefore, architecture is distinguished from other types of art by its great dependence on social reality that generates it, since it is a part of the human living environment.

This article addresses the issue of Chinese state engineering of an urban middle class in Beijing. Its major argument is that urban dwellers with closer ties to the public sector and better access to traditional forms of welfare have benefited comparatively more than other groups from the redistribution and privatization of public assets and from policies to improve consumption in urban areas. The author investigates in particular the impact of urban housing reform on this process of polarization, the increasing residential segregation of the professional middle-class and the effects of this process on neighborhood politics, the emergence of self-conscious communities of interests, and the self-organization of autonomous activist groups.(China J/DÜI)

Based on data from the linguistic corpus News on the Web, the article examines the media discourse of immigration in the British and American media in the period from 2018 to 2020. Considering the linguistic facts from the standpoint of discursive linguistics and corpus analysis, the authors argue that the identification and quantification of collocations in which semantically the main component is represented by the words from the search query: immigrants and asylum seekers. Their ranking by degree of stability, as well as identification of the most common L1 collocates objectify information about the features of the English discourse of immigration. It was found out that in all types of the studied media, the most frequent collocations of the noun immigrant are with the adjectives illegal and undocumented, T. Grigoryanova notes they directly indicate illegal immigration as a serious social problem; the L1 frequency collocates of the asylum seeker search query unit are American and failed, M. Matytсina concludes that they actualize the significance of the immigration problem for the entire world community and contribute to the formation of anti-immigrant sentiment. In fixed collocations, according to T. Grigoryanova, they are replaced by the words other, central, new. The results of the analysis made it possible to conclude that the English discourse of immigration contains a protest against immigrants and asylum seekers, reflects the fear and anxiety of society about the consequences of increase in their number for the indigenous population.

By resorting to the spiritual autobiography of Mother Teresa of Calcutta, an important religious and cultural personality of the 20th century, the author tries to emphasise the aspects of political theology that defined her way of acting and thinking and to show how she understood the relationship between religion and politics. Topics like poverty, love, giving, peace, sacrifice or responsibility are presented as keywords in the understanding of a complex vision with interdisciplinary relevance, while the two levels of poverty, namely the material one, often accompanied by physical pain, maladies and other types of suffering, and the spiritual one, that is not necessarily related to the lack of basic material needs and can be found even in developed countries like the United States of America or Japan, are seen through the lenses of political theology. The author shows that, by finding practical bridges between spirituality and politics and by using as sources of inspiration not only Christian thinkers, but also thinkers from other religions, like Ghandi, the Albanese militant accomplished her vocation and also offered important and perennial principles which can help in the understanding of the contemporary world and in finding solutions to some of its crises. Although her message is a sort of combination between theology and social life, the political accents, sometimes theoretical, at other times practical, are important and can be used today for the development of a sustainable discourse for both the theological and the political sphere. CONTRIBUTION : The article brings into attention a spiritual autobiography that was not valorised properly by the contemporary research and in the same time offers an inter-disciplinary approach with ecumenical value. ; Rev. Iuliu-Marius is participating in the research project, 'Political Theology', directed by Dr Tanya van Wyk, Department of Systematic and Historical Theology, Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Pretoria. ; http://www.hts.org.za ; am2020 ...

One of the changes brought about by the increasing employment of women outside the home is the demand for both custodial and developmental care for their pre-school age children 1. The demand situation for extra-maternal child care in Nigeria seems to be aggravated by the gradual erosion of the traditional resources for extramaternal childcare such as the community of friends and relations, hired nursemaids and servants, and the inadequate provision of extrafamilial institutions such as nurseries and daycare centres. Rather than quantify the demand for extramaternal care for children, this study assesses the childcare arrangements of working mothers and inquires into the existing resources for meeting this demand both within and outside the household. It is concluded that demand for extramaternal childcare of both custodial and developmental nature is not fulfilled by existing resources. Therefore, it is being suggested that an inventory of existing pre-school institutions such as nurseries and daycare centres, programmes for the improvement and expansion of these facilities would facilitate the participation of women in the labour force and their effective contribution to social and economic development.

Dit artikel beoogt inzicht te verwerven in de doelmatigheids- en verdelingsresultaten van sociale zekerheidssystemen in Europa. Niet de juridische en institutionele verschalen tussen landen zijn aan de orde, maar wel de empirische impact van sociale zekerheidstransfers op de welvaartsituatie van huishoudens. Bron van data is de comparatieve studie naar armoede, inkomensverdeling en sociale zekerheid (EUROPASS) in zeven landen en regio's van de Europese Gemeenschap. Ondanks omvangrijke sociale middelen slaagt de Sociale Zekerheid er niet in om de bestaansonzekerheid volledig op te heffen. In de 'rijkere' landen, met name de Benelux, zijn sociale zekerheidstransfers weliswaar merkelijk effectiever en is de bestaansonzekerheid lager dan in de zgn. "armere" landen (lerland, Catalonië en Griekenland). Welvaartuitkomsten zijn resultant van de omvang der ingezette middelen, maar daarnaast spelen de behoeften (omvang van de pre-transfer bestaansonzekerheid), alsook de selectiviteit (mate dat middeleninzet gericht is op bestaansonzekerheid) een belangrijke rol. Het beperkt aantal landen geeft aan deze inzichten een indicatief karakter, die moeten getoetst worden op basis van verder onderzoek.

In the past 20 years at least 54 countries have passed legislation setting or raising the minimum age at marriage. How successful this legislation will be is questionable, especially when it runs counter to prevailing social and cultural institutions and beliefs, but it does reflect the growing international concern with delaying marriage. The deleterious consequences of early marriage are most evident in high birth rates and low status of women, both of which prevent poor countries from developing. Concern for postponing marriage has evolved from the larger objectives of stemming population growth and of guaranteeing women their basic rights. To raise the standard of health and education of the mother thus improves the welfare of the family.