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Die von den Vereinten Nationen vereinbarte "Responsibility to Protect" (RtP-Norm) ist ein entscheidender Schritt in Richtung einer globalen Einhaltung von Mindeststandards beim Schutz von Menschenrechten. RtP stellt die Menschenrechte stärker in den Vordergrund als dieses in der internationalen Ordnung des 18., 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts der Fall war. Die neue Norm schränkt die Staatssouveränität ein, indem sie, erstens, mehr Verantwortung gegenüber der Bevölkerung einfordert und, zweitens, das Recht auf Staatssouveränität infrage gestellt werden kann, falls dieser Verantwortung nicht entsprochen wird. RtP verschiebt die politische und juristische Debatte von einer staatszentrischen zu einer, die den Schutz der Bevölkerung innerhalb dieses Staates als primären Referenzpunkt definiert. Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, inwieweit RtP nicht nur als ein theoretisches Prinzip internationale Akzeptanz findet. Der Autor konzentriert sich dabei auf die Frage, wie europäische Staaten zu dieser neuen internationalen Verantwortung beitragen können. Die Ausführungen zeigen, dass die Staatengemeinschaft zwar nie als ein homogener Akteur fungiert, jedoch kann jeder Staat dazu beitragen, dass die RtP zur internationalen Norm nicht nur in der Theorie, sondern auch in der Praxis wird. (ICA2)

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149 International organizations — International administrative tribunals — World Bank Administrative Tribunal — Probationary appointment — Non-confirmation of appointment — Performance evaluation — Evaluation of senior management — Reassignment — Retaliation

International Organizations — Officials of — Contracts of Employment — Frustration of — Effects of War — Assessment of Damages — General Principles of Law — International Institute of Intellectual Go-operation.

GENEL BİLGİLERİsim ve Soyadı: Emin AydoğduAnabilim Dalı: İşletmeProgramı: Üretim Yönetimi ve Pazarlama AlmancaTez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Nesrin SungurTez Türü ve Tarihi: Yüksek Lisans - Eylül 2003Anahtar Kelimeler: Liberalizasyon , gelişmekte olan ülkeler, finansal krizlerÖZETGelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Dış Finansal Liberalizasyon Süreci ve Finansal KrizlerGeride bıraktığımız yüzyılın son çeyreğinden bugüne kadar yaşanan teknolojik gelişmeler, bilgi ekonomisinin öne çıkması ve neo-liberal politikaların yükselişi gibi etkilerle "finansal liberalizasyon", ve "sermaye hareketleri" kavramları globalleşme süreci içerisinde en fazla popüler olan kavramlar. Dünya ekonomisinin içinde bulunduğu duraklama evresi ve özellikle son yıllarda tüm dünyayı derinden etkileyen finansal krizler, bu kavramlara olan ilgiyi arttırmakta. Bu çalışma ile literatürde "Dış Finansal Liberalizasyon" olarak adlandırılan Sermaye Hareketleri serbestisi çeşitli boyutları ile ele alınmış ve sermaye hareketlerinin gelişmekte olan ülkelere etkisi ve bunun tetiklediği finansal krizler örnekleri ile incelenmiş ve sermaye hareketleri serbestsinin yarattığı sorunları ortadan kaldırmak için alınana önlemler incelenmiştir. İnceleme sonucunda gelişmekte olan ülkelerin yeni finansal mimari tartışmalarından bağımsız olarak özellikle kısa vadeli sermaye hareketlerini kısıtlayıcı direk müdahalelerde bulunmaları gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.GENERELLE INFORMATIONENName und Vorname: Aydoğdu EminBranche: Betriebswirtschaftlehre Program: Marketing und ProduktionsplanungEingereicht bei: Prof. Dr. Nesrin SungurArt und Datum : Master - September 2003Schlüssel Wörter: Liberalization , Entwicklungslaendern, Finanzielle KrisenAUSZUGDer Prozess der Liberalisierung des Internationalen Finanz-,und Zahlungsverkehrs und Finanzkrisen in EntwicklungslaendernDie Begriffe "finanzielle Liberalisierung" und "Kapitalbewegungen" haben besonders unter dem Einfluss der ab dem letzten Viertel des vergangenen Jahrhunderts bis zum heutigen Tage staendig an Bedeutung gewinnenden technologischen Entwicklung, zusehends in den Vordergrund rückenden Informationswirtschaft und neo-liberalen Politiken hohe Popularitaet erlangt. Die Stagnation, von der die Weltwirtschaft erfasst wurde so wie die weltweit spürbaren, einschneidenden Finanzkrisen haben das Interesse an diesen Begriffen wesentlich gesteigert. Bei dieser Arbeit würde die Kapitalbewegungen und ihre Effeckte an den Entwicklungslaendern besonders Finanzkrisen untersucht. Die Diskussionen für Vermeidung von solchen Finanzkrisen ist auch am Ende untersucht. Nach unserer Bearbeitung schlagen wir als Endergebniss vor, dass die Entwicklunglaendern die Ergebnissen von Diskussionen über eine neue Finanzielle Struktur nicht abwarten sollen und sie sollen sofort eigene Massnahmen für die Kontrolle von kurzfristige Kapitalbewegungen gewaehrleisten.

This thesis investigates the tension between science and politics in contemporary polar research. Twin objectives underpin this central theme. The first is to investigate the relationship between science and politics when analysed through an understanding of international collaboration in Arctic and Antarctic research. The second is to gain an understanding of the nature of research collaboration as an important mode of working in modern science. A framework for analysing collaboration as a work process is proposed. The empirical research interprets how and why polar researchers collaborate. This is done by investigating a number of collaborative projects with reference to their policy and political context. Three countries with contrastive polar political interests were chosen within which to conduct the empirical work: the UK, Norway and Germany. Science logistics (the means of supporting research in the field, e.g. transport, research platforms) are identified as the most significant enabling factor in experimental polar research. They also perform a symbolic political role for governments. In the three countries forming the focus of this study, science logistics are controlled bygovernment polar research institutes which also house multidisciplinary research programmes. Logistics are traced to the heart of collaboration; they bring researchers together, and shape the nature of collaborative research. Differences in ease of access to national logistics structure collaboration. The interface between these politics of access andnational political agendas is blurred, owing to the central role played by logistics in both science and politics. However, the apparent conflict between scientists' careers and polar politics masks the finding that scientists shape their careers in creative ways, despite, or perhaps because of the constraints imposed by structural conditions. Viewing science as work reveals the importance of taking account of what scientists do when analysing the relation between science and politics.

AbstractDoes international law restrict the use of force by states in self-defense even when their survival is threatened? Should it? To answer these questions, I compare international law to domestic law and develop two ideal-types of emergency: in a 'subject emergency' law imposes absolute, justiciable limits on self-defense. In a 'community emergency' the sovereign, not law, determines what is necessary for the survival of the community and its legal system: sustaining the rule of law justifies its temporary retreat. I show that international law has elements of both ideal-types. It imposes some absolute limits on self-defense. However, international law also retreats, allowing the victim state to determine the (1) aims, (2) ad bellum proportionality, and (3) end of self-defense, as if armed threats triggered community emergencies. These three retreats serve the function of sustaining the rule of international law over the states at war. Retreats (1) and (3) also help sustain the rule of international law over the international community. That international law does and should not treat armed threats against states simply as subject emergencies, shows it can only sustain the rule of international law in an emergency by retreating. This is a negative litmus test for international law's ability to diffuse anarchy in International Relations.

This book addresses multiple aspects of the conflict between Georgia and Russia over the breakaway region of South Ossetia in August 2008, including the use of force, human rights, transnational litigation and international law 'rhetoric'. The particulars of the conflict are explored alongside their wider implications for international order

In a highly interdependent and globalized era, the BRICS economic regionalism exhibits the implementation of institutional arrangements that is designed to facilitate the free flow of goods and services and coordinates foreign economic policies. Physical and geographical proximity is often seen as a reason for conflict among countries which can be drastically resolved by the formation of economic ties. Strong economic relation among BRICS countries reduces the chance of conflict, creating the possibility of a peaceful global atmosphere. The post-liberalized international system has adopted new dimensions of regionalism and the concept of 'trade creating geography or space' is becoming prominent. This notion is based on the proposition that 'trade creates space', based on which the study evolves. The globalization, trade liberalization, transnationalism, and privatization prevailed to enhance the scope of this study on trade creates favorable space for BRICS. This paper analyses the evolving nature of BRICS in global political economy, in both political as well as economical aspects

Terrorism and what comes out of it, has became one of the most dangerous phenomenon of modern time. From the fact that it is hard to predict it and the consequences that it brings with itself, terrorism becomes a political and moral problem that people from the 21 century have to deal with. For many individuals, groups and organizations, terrorism has became a way of solving problems, no matter if they are political, religious or ethnical. Modern terrorism brings the need of a constant fight with all the legal assets, because according its own primary definition terrorism represents illegal usage of power or violence from individuals or groups. Terrorist attacks with all of the brutality that they have within them have brought upon us the need for an international system for fighting it, of course if we all want to bring justice and global safety and not leadership and a halo of peacekeeping above all of us.

We analyze welfare maximizing monetary policy in a dynamic two-country model with price stickiness and imperfect competition. In this context, a typical terms of trade externality affects policy interaction between independent monetary authorities. Unlike the existing literature, we remain consistent to a public finance approach by an explicit consideration of all the distortions that are relevant to the Ramsey planner. This strategy entails two main advantages. First, it allows an accurate characterization of optimal policy in an economy that evolves around a steady-state which is not necessarily efficient. Second, it allows to describe a full range of alternative dynamic equilibria when price setters in both countries are completely forward-looking and households' preferences are not restricted. In this context, we study optimal policy both in the long-run and along a dynamic path, and we compare optimal commitment policy under Nash competition and under cooperation. By deriving a second order accurate solution to the policy functions, we also characterize the welfare gains from international policy cooperation.

This thesis reviews the law that governs Australia's international, natural disaster response arrangements An international response to a disaster occurs when aid is sent to, or received by, a state that has been affected by the disaster event. From Australia's perspective this means there is an international disaster response if Australia sends disaster relief to an affected state or if Australia, affected by a disaster, receives assistance from another state or internationally based nongovernment or inter-government organisation. To conduct this review of Australia's legal position, relevant international law is identified and it is demonstrated that, although there are theoretical scenarios that could justify the provision of international assistance without the consent of the affected state, for all practical purposes the consent of the affected state is a necessary pre-condition for the delivery of international disaster assistance. This means that Australia will not send aid without the consent of a disaster-affected State, and Australia need not receive assistance unless that is consented to by the Commonwealth government. After reviewing the international law of general application between states, particular bi-lateral and multi-lateral agreements that Australia has entered are reviewed and their impact upon Australia's legal position on sending or receiving disaster assistance is identified. Having identified international law that impacts upon Australia, relevant Australian domestic law is considered. This analysis identifies the basis of Commonwealth legislative power in the area of disaster response and identifies legislation from Canada and the United States that can serve as examples for Australian legislative action. Australian law and policy is then benchmarked against the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies' Guidelines for the Domestic Facilitation and Regulation of International Disaster Relief and Initial Recovery Assistance (2007). The process of reviewing and benchmarking Australia's law and policies shows that the legal and policy arrangements that are in place do not adequately address foreseeable legal issues that will arise in the event of a catastrophic natural disaster in Australia, or where Australia wishes to provide natural disaster relief assistance to another state. It is the recommendation of this thesis that the Commonwealth should pass a comprehensive counter-disaster Act to formalise and strengthen Australia's ability to respond to a catastrophic natural disaster both in Australia and overseas. A model Act, based on Canadian, American and Australian state and territory legislation, is developed. The model Act identifies the essential features that should be incorporated into Commonwealth legislation. This thesis identifies the law and policy applicable in Australia as at 6 February 2009. On 7 February 2009 bushfires swept through Victoria killing 173 people and destroying at least 2000 homes. At the same time floods in Queensland and New South Wales did significantly more property damage. This was followed by cyclone Hamish off the Queensland coast. During the cyclone a cargo ship, the Pacific Adventurer, lost several containers of fertiliser and 230 litres of fuel, causing a widespread environmental emergency. There is to be a Royal Commission into the Victorian fires and there will, inevitably, be 'lessons learned' reports from the other events. Whether or not these reports will lead to recommendations regarding Australia's emergency arrangements remains to be seen, but the outcomes from the inquiries into these events may well impact upon the findings in this thesis. Accordingly this thesis identifies the position at February 2009, but this will inform any subsequent recommendations for change arising out of the 2009 natural disasters.

Key environmental issues, such as biodiversity and climate change, have in recent years become more pressing than ever. Where the critical papers in the early 1990s explained the difficulties of cooperation in tackling transboundary environmental problems, later works have analyzed the various alternatives, and increased our understanding of various institutional designs and negotiation protocols' impact on the success of cooperation. This Research Review identifies the most important articles on the game theoretic analysis of international environmental cooperation to both confront the cooperative and non-cooperative approaches to this, and demonstrate the diversity of methods used to analyze international environmental agreements