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Address before the German society for foreign affairs, Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany, Oct. 5, 1973.

International Peacekeeping is devoted to reporting upon and analyzing international peacekeeping with an emphasis upon legal and policy issues, but is not limited to these issues. It is recognized that in today's world there is a wealth of information available from the internet and through other sources. It is therefore the goal of this Yearbook to make this information available in one publication which both organizes and records events over the course of a year through analytical articles, a chronicle, primary documents, and a bibliography. Topics include inter alia peacekeeping, peace, war, conflict resolution, diplomacy, international law, international security, humanitarian relief, humanitarian law, and terrorism. The Yearbook is of scholarly quality but is not narrowly theoretical. It provides the interested public -- diplomats, civil servants, politicians, the military, academics, journalists, NGO employees, and serious citizens -- with a document of record, comment, and a starting point for further research on peacekeeping and related topics. This is achieved not only by the provision of 'basic documents' (on CD ROM), such as Security Council Resolutions and Reports of the UN Secretary- General, but also by expert commentaries on world events. Peacekeeping is treated in a pragmatic light, seen as a form of international military cooperation for the preservation or restoration of international peace and security. Attention is focused not only on UN peacekeeping operations, but other missions as well. This Yearbook is the continuation of the journal International Peacekeeping

The paper discusses the impact of environmental policies on international competitiveness of industries. Two positions are taken in the current debate on this issue. One the one hand, strict environmental policies are blamed for imposing substantiell costs which worsen international competitiveness. One the other hand, the competitiveness of firms may be improved in the long run because firms are encouraged to develop green technologies and may take a leading position on these world markets in the future (Porter-Hypothesis). The paper demonstrates that neither theoretical nor empirical evidence is able to support one of these conßicting positions in general. It shows the effects of environmental policies in different theoretical settings and discusses the problem in a model of perfect competition, in strategic environmental policy models of an international oligopoly, and in a model of firms' locational decisions. Many of the results are very sensitive to changes in parameters and assumptions and cannot be generalized. A survey of empirical studies concludes that there is no general clear evidence for neither a positive nor a negative impact of environmental policy on international competitiveness.

The advancement of international law presupposes that the objections are met. The 'realist' objection claims that sovereign states deciding matters cast over the precept that 'might is right'. This title shows the invention of two techniques in positive law: state contracts and transnational arbitration without privity, Any talk of the advancement of international law presupposes that two objections are met. The first is the 'realist' objection which, observing the state of international relations today, claims that when it comes down to the important things in international life-war and peace, and more generally power politics among states-no real advancement has been made: international society remains a society of sovereign states deciding matters with regard solely to their own best interests and with international law all too often being no more than a thin cloak cast over the precept that 'might is right'. Against this excessive scepticism stands excessive optimism: international law is supposedly making giant strides forward thanks especially to the tremendous mass of soft law generated by international organisations over the past sixty years and more. By incautiously mixing all manner of customs, treaties, resolutions and recommendations, a picture of international law is painted that has little to do with the 'real world'. The essays collected in this book are arranged into three sections. The first purports to show from the specific example of international investment law that the past half-century has seen the invention of two genuinely new techniques in positive law: state contracts and transnational arbitration without privity. This is 'advancement' in international law not because the techniques are 'good' in themselves (one may well think them 'bad') but because they have introduced legal possibilities into international law that did not exist heretofore. The second section examines the theoretical consequences of those new legal techniques and especially the way they affect the theory of the state. The third widens the field of view and asks whether European law has surpassed international law in a move towards federalism or whether it represents a step forward for international law. These reflections make for a clearer theoretical understanding of what constitutes true advancement in international law. Such an understanding should give pause both to those who argue that hardly any progress has been made, and to those who are overly fanciful about progress

Steuermentalität der Spanier und finanzpsychologische
Situation in Spanien.

Themen: Einstellung zu Staat und Gesellschaft; Einstellung zur
Verwaltung und Schwierigkeiten mit der Steuerbehörde bzw. empfundene
Ungerechtigkeiten; Einstellung zum Steuersystem, zur Gerechtigkeit der
Steuerlastverteilung, zum Steuerdelikt, zur Steuerstrafe und zu
Steuersündern; Konsumpionierverhalten; Sparverhalten; Sparziele;
Einstellung zur Berufstätigkeit von Frauen; wöchentliche Arbeitszeit;
Altersvorsorge; Zukunftserwartungen und Lebensziele;
Arbeitszufriedenheit; Einstellung zur Altersgrenze; Vorstellung über die
Ausbildung der Kinder; Religiosität; soziale Herkunft.

Demographie: Alter (klassiert); Familienstand; Kinderzahl;
Schulbildung; Beruf; Berufslaufbahn; Einkommen; regionale Herkunft;
Besitz von Vermögen.

Donald Trump's election campaign and first hundred days in office were marked by abrasive rhetoric on trade, in particular blaming free trade agreements for causing eco­nomic suffering and unemployment in America. Countries that run large export sur­pluses with the United States, like Mexico, Germany and China, have drawn the greatest ire. Internationally this has provoked fears of trade wars and the end of the multilateral world trade order. Latin American countries, for whom the United States is a crucial trade partner, are especially concerned. So far, only some of the fears have realised. At the same time, efforts are under way across the world to reduce trade dependency on the United States. (Autorenreferat)