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Indian entrepreneurship has seen rapid changes over the past few decades. With the improvement of the Indian education system, universities have increased graduation rates, leading to a better educated workforce. With these changes come an influx of well-educated women who make space for themselves within business and entrepreneurship, taking advantage of India's vast resources, and solidifying their status as brilliant. This influx, however, comes with a variety of challenges that pose as barriers to entry for women. Despite steps taken by individual corporations and the government, women still face issues like gender discrimination and workplace harassment that prevent them from wholeheartedly joining the workforce. Future directions towards improving these conditions for women may include providing more flexibility within a job or a role to make it seem more appealing to female candidates, as well as improving the state of STEM education and financial literacy in schools. This will allow women to develop higher levels of confidence when attempting to beak into a male-dominated sphere.

Along with the widespread use of deferred prosecution agreements in criminal justice in several countries around the world, there is a new trend of deferring prosecution in corporate criminal cases for subjects who meet the conditions. In order to improve the modernization of enterprises and strengthen their ability to deal with criminal legal risks, China introduced a corporate compliance management system in 2007. In 20202, under the leadership of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, China began to explore the reform of "corporate compliance non-prosecution". In the reform of corporate compliance non-prosecution, "double non-prosecution" should be established in the context of China's corporate structure and judicial background. Since the responsibilities of the enterprise and the individual can be separated, compliance non-prosecution can be adopted for enterprises in large corporate criminal cases. Since the responsibilities of the enterprise and the entrepreneur are "combined into one," prosecutors can apply a non-prosecution after plea of guilty to the entrepreneur in micro and small enterprise criminal cases.

AbstractObjectiveReapportionment and the attendant process of redistricting cause instances where incumbents are faced with the decision to retire or run against a congressional colleague. We investigate two major questions surrounding the previously understudied population of dueling incumbent primaries: First, under what conditions is a dueling incumbent primary likely to manifest? Second, how are dueling incumbent primaries different from the typical primary featuring a single incumbent?MethodsWe address these questions using a novel dataset aggregating descriptive congressional district information on these contests from 1962 to 2016, and separately for 2022.ResultsOur findings show these contests primarily emerge via electoral retrenchment, meaning a state loses representation in reapportionment. Dueling incumbent primaries also arise from the strategic calculations of partisan line drawers.ConclusionsNot only do dueling incumbent primaries comprise a disproportionate share of incumbent defeats, but compared to single incumbent contests, primary duels feature very high redrawn constituencies, voters new to these incumbents, and this reality contributes to the high‐risk/reward nature of these rare but electorally consequential contests.

The resolution of customary land conflicts often does not bring results. The protracted conflict inflicted losses on both sides. The community cannot benefit from the land that is their customary right because it is under the control of the Oil Palm Plantation Company (PPKS), while PPKS cannot operate comfortably because it must always face community demands. Until now, there are still conflicts in oil palm plantations that occur between indigenous peoples in Kampar Regency, Riau Province and PPKS. Based on these conditions, the legal issue that is also the main problem in this study is why there is a land conflict between oil palm plantation business investors and indigenous peoples and how the parties resolve it. The author found that the conflict occurred due to differences in views on customary land, the non-implementation of deliberations with indigenous peoples before investment was made, and government policies. Conflict resolution is carried out using different means according to the cause of the conflict.

The Caucasus, dubbed "the Eurasian Balkans" by Zbigniew Brzezinski, or "the near abroad" (bližnee zarubež'e) by the Russians, is both a region of strategic interest for Russia, and a space where the Russian foreign policymaking was clearly manifested, Russia's main goal being to establish regional dominance and discourage the Western influence in the region. Using comparative and content analysis and relying on the theory of offensive structural realism, the paper will discuss the foreign policy of the Russian Federation towards Georgia in the years after the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Analysing the case studies of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, the paper seeks to show how Russia's neo-imperial foreign policy has been shaped, and how Russia's foreign policy has shifted in accordance with the part of the Caucasus involved in the conflict and the degree of anti-Russian influence in it. The results show that Russia carefully created the conditions and chose the moment to use the conflict, i.e., the secession on the Georgian soil, to position itself as a regional hegemon.

ObjectiveThis article considers the raison d'être of international institutions in the occupied Palestinian territories during the Oslo period (1993–2000) and discusses how these institutions have shaped the notion of a future Palestinian state through their policy recommendations and development projects.MethodsDrawing on neo‐Gramscian concepts of hegemony and internationalization of the state this project analyzes the Oslo peace process through primary source data and information in the Oslo Accords as well as the official reports and publications of the major international development and financial organizations involved in the Palestinian territories.ResultsThrough policy recommendations, development projects, and donor funding and aid coordination, international institutions set in motion the neoliberal conceptualization and configuration of Palestine during the Oslo process.ConclusionI conclude with a review of the findings, as illustrated throughout the article, and emphasize that Palestine's conceptualization will continue to be rooted in the development of the neoliberal condition as long as a political process that would lead to Palestinian self‐determination and an end the conflict is not pursued.

AbstractThis is a story about gay/queer globalization unfolded through the narratives of Korean gay men in Seoul. In this paper, I make use of talanoa dialogues to apprehend the way race and racial hierarchies can provide insights into the conditions in which the gay subject in Seoul is intelligible in intercultural interactions. I present these narratives in the format of a thematic talanoa using Pacific Research Methodologies (PRM). In doing so, I advance a unique way to negotiate communication with participants in a cross-cultural setting, rendering myself visible as a racialized (Sāmoan) researcher. Empirically, I argue that the narratives of Korean gay men party to this study demonstrate how the Korea/local–West/global binary is an important referential, in that there exists a structural connection through immigration policies that facilitates a transnational convergence of local and global racial hierarchies. This connection, I also argue, helps to structure and position Whiteness at the apex of racial hierarchies around foreigner subjectivities in South Korea.

Journalists around the world are facing difficult situations while pursuing their careers. The situation of Pakistani journalists is not different. Lack of safety and other incentives offered by their organizations are the major problems faced by them. The present study aimed to analyze the problems faced by Pakistani journalists regarding their professional chores. The researchers used Maslow's hierarchal model and Herzberg's Motivation Hygiene theory to give a comprehensive picture of working conditions and their effects on journalists' performance. The quantitative approach was utilized by the researchers in the form of a survey method to highlight the problems faced by journalists. The results showed that the majority of journalists are not satisfied with their current job scenarios. They are confronting too many difficulties including Job security, threats, professional training, tight deadlines, and excessive work hours. Moreover, the respondents unveiled that these problems are adversely affecting their work performance by causing certain physical and mental health issues.

In classical music art discipline, the memory for musical performance (i.e., music performing memory MPM) at typological analysis level is the type of musical executive prospective memory. based on executive functions and biological conditions. Its structural components are semantic declarative, kinesthetic, and emotional memory. Musical performance concern the production of musical artwork by vocal or musical instrument forms. The efficiency of this process is conditioned by ergonomic, effective work on learning, and memorizing the music. It is regulated and organized from the level of 'reading a vista' the musical notes text until completed memorizing for target level of music performance. The article, from the health psychology mainstream, presents methodical, practical tips with recommendations resulting from the biological principles, regularities, and specifics of this process revealed in the empirical data of such areas as neuropsychology, psychophysiology, cognitive psychology, biological psychology, and music pedagogy, with additional independent empirical verification in counseling of musicians at professional music education level.

The present study aims at investigating the inclusive function of the indefinite, definite and zero article in English and Arabic. These articles are used in the two languages for generic reference but each language has certain conditions for this inclusive use. The researchers shed light on the syntactic and pragmatic aspects of the articles in each language because the syntactic structure of the sentence in Arabic determines the inclusive function. As for the pragmatic level, the interpretation of the reader and the context in which the articles are used determines their inclusive reference. The researchers select Five texts from the Holy Bible and Five texts from the Glorious Quran that are regarded as the standard languages. The selected texts are analyzed qualitatively in order to examine the similarities and differences of the inclusive use of articles in English and Arabic. Understanding the use of the articles for generic reference in English and Arabic is hoped to be helpful for translators, teachers and writers.

ObjectiveWe examine the factors that affect interest group decisions to join coalitions rather than "go it alone." Among the factors we consider are organization type, level of conflict, level of competition, and relative influence.MethodWe conduct a mail survey of lobbyists in five American states to determine the likelihood of interests working in coalitions.ResultsOur findings indicate that group type has little impact on group decisions to join coalitions. Advantaged (e.g., resource‐rich business organizations) and disadvantaged (e.g., underfunded charity and citizen groups) groups behave similarly when it comes to working with others, a finding that is important in debates over whether some interests are over‐ or underrepresented in the pressure system. We also find that conflict and competition affect groups' propensity to work with other groups, and that contextual factors, including partisan congruence and lobbying laws, influence the extent to which groups work with other groups.ConclusionOur findings contribute to the ongoing scholarly debate about the conditions under which interest groups bear the costs of lobbying with others.

Australia is known for exporting the wide range of goods to almost every place of the world. These goods, among others, are iron, aluminum, gold, coal, natural gas and beef. However, apart from material things, services are also an important segment of exports. The main ones are those related to education and travel. Educational ser-vices themselves are the third largest asset exported by Australia. They are not limited to the science itself but constitute a wide range of services accompanying the education process of foreign students. These include travel services, rental of real estate, agencies etc. This specificity and conditions conducive to such a large amount of educational services in a country that has no immediate neighbors is the subject of this description. It covers the characteristics of exported educational services, including data on the scale of its exports, major recipients, types of educational institutions, directions that are most popular among students. In addition, Australia's export educa-tional activity will also be discussed with the Polish example.

ObjectiveA burgeoning field of research shows that financialization is positively associated with income inequality. However, while it is widely recognized that the recent growth of financial activity increases in tandem with the reduction of state controls in national economies, scholars often struggle to find a straightforward connection between economic liberalization and income inequality. In light of this confusion, this study presents the argument that liberalization does not share a direct connection to the distribution of national income. Rather, economic liberalization is a moderating variable that conditions the connection between financialization and income inequality.MethodsThese contentions are tested by way of interaction effects using a panel data set of 14 developed economies for the years 1995–2010.ResultsThe results confirm the main arguments of this study as the positive link between financialization and the income share of the top 1 percent is higher at increasing levels of financial liberalization.ConclusionsThis research indicates that cross‐national variations of income inequality are partially attributable to state policy decisions on financial activity.

SummaryThe paper addresses the divergence in majority rules at the moment of creating or reforming constitutions. While constitutions require, in most cases, qualified majorities in order to be approved at the constitutional assembly, they normally require only simple majorities to be ratified at the referendum. We analyze the set of conditions under which each majority rule is preferable for constitutional referendums. We argue that the simple majority requirement for referendums in constitution‐making, which is nearly universally used, lacks a clear theoretical justification. Qualified majority rules increase legitimacy and provide additional checks on the drafters. We further highlight when simple majority rules have advantages: when decision‐making costs in the referendum are high. Thereafter, we present an evaluation mechanism to identify the cases in which each majority rule should be used to increase stability and legitimacy. We then apply this evaluation mechanism to the constitution‐making processes in Poland, Bolivia and Egypt, which are three examples of diverging majority rules.

AbstractFor the past several decades, numerous studies have focused on the so-called "crisis of Black fatherhood"—that is, the many ways in which Black fathers struggle to fulfill traditional paternal roles and duties. Given major shifts in both the structural conditions and cultural expectations of fatherhood in general over the past century, we argue that it is necessary to reestablish not only what Black fatherhood looks like today—in particular, the internal diversity and dynamism of this category—but also how Black men (as well as other members of Black families and communities) make sense of these changes and meaningfully negotiate their implications. We outline a two-pronged research agenda that: first, identifies gaps in the existing literature that limit our knowledge of the full range of Black fathering practices and experiences; and second, reclaims and repurposes "cultural analysis," not to pathologize "what's wrong with Black families and fathers," but to shed much needed light on the ways in which Black fathers themselves process and make meaning of their roles and realities.