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International agricultural trade regulation remains problematic despite the creation of the WTO and a specific Agreement on Agriculture in 1995. This title challenges this orthodoxy and presents a fresh conceptual method by which the problem of international agricultural trade in the WTO can be understood

Recent critiques of decentralized approaches to fisheries management have focused on problems related to poor governance. This paper aims to extend such critiques by considering in greater depth local perceptions of governance in the Philippines. Specifically, it deals with a set of regulations addressing the live reef fish trade in the Calamianes Islands. The paper shows how the entire process of implementing a closed season, the fishers' critique, and the subsequent overturning of these regulations exposes the way personalized politics is understood and practiced within Philippine society. Firstly, a background about the live reef fish trade is provided, and how the regulations were proposed and developed is described. The majority of the paper then analyses local opposition to the regulations in terms of local understandings of politics. The paper argues that when negative sentiments towards governance and governments are widespread among local residents, this may hinder successful co-management.

В статье рассмотрены различные виды пошлин, их эволюция, приводится классификация пошлин и соотношение понятий «пошлина» и «сбор», особое внимание уделено пошлинам, применяемым в практике государственного регулирования внешнеторговой деятельности. В статье дается характеристика так называемых сложных пошлин, сочетающих в себе одновременно налоговые и пошлинные черты, подчеркивается особое значение таможенных пошлин в механизме регулирования внешней торговли с позиции их фискальных и регулятивных функций. Показаны различия в правовой природе таможенных пошлин и особых пошлин (антидемпинговых, компенсационных, специальных), которые используются для защиты экономических интересов российских производителей товаров в связи с возросшим импортом, демпинговым импортом или субсидируемым импортом на таможенную территорию. При рассмотрении правовых основ взимания таможенных пошлин в Российской Федерации анализируются источники таможенного законодательства, специфика и порядок их применения, с учетом решений наднационального регулятора– Евразийской экономической комиссии. Автором резюмируется, что различия в правовой природе таможенных и особых пошлин, нормативно-правовой базе, а также процедурах их установления и применения позволяют утверждать о существовании двух различающихся правовых режимах государственного регулирования внешней торговли, соответствующих таможенно-тарифному и нетарифному методам торговой политики. ; The article is focused on the issue of duties, their types, evolution, classification and correlation between the notions of duty and charge. Special attention is given to the duties used in the practice of state regulation of the foreign trade. The author characterizes the so-called complex duties which combine tax and duty marks and emphasizes the particular significance of the customs duties in the mechanism of the foreign trade regulation from the position of their fiscal and regulatory functions. The differences in the legal nature of the customs duties and antidumping, compensatory, special ones, used to protect economic interests of the Russian manufacturers in the conditions of import, dumping import or subsidized import increase are also considered by the author. When viewing the legal basics of the customs duties collecting in the Russian Federation, the author analyzes the sources of the customs legislation, their specific character and the order of their application taking account of Euroasian Economic Commission decisions. The author summarizes that the differences in the legal nature of the customs and special duties, normative legal base, the procedures of their imposing and collecting prove the existence of two different legal regimes of the foreign trade state regulation, which conform to the customs-tariff and nontariff methods of the trade policy.

Abstract
Since its inception, the inter-state dispute settlement system of the World Trade Organisation has generally been praised for effectively protecting the rule of law in international trade relations. While the relatively recent dismantling of this system does not necessarily mean the end of the WTO nor of the binding nature of its rules, the current crisis may be a good opportunity to reconsider the role of the rule of law in international trade relations and the ways in which it could further be accommodated. One suggestion, occasionally raised in the past, would be strengthening the enforcement of WTO rules by opening it to private action, either before national courts or through international adjudication. After all, the latter has been widely available to foreign investors covered by thousands of international investment agreements in force for decades. This contribution recalls the reasons behind the current lack of private enforcement of WTO law and argues that developments in international trade relations and experiences with investor-state dispute settlement are likely to work against rather than in favor of its introduction in the foreseeable future. Increased transparency and institutionalisation of non-state actors' role in trade enforcement is therefore recommended instead.

As tariffs have fallen dramatically over the past decades, behind-the-border measures—such as technical barriers to trade (TBT) and sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures—have become increasingly important for international trade policy. To facilitate trade, governments sign trade agreements in which they agree to base such measures on international standards. But who actually develops these standards? This book takes a close look at the International Organization for Standardization and the Codex Alimentarius – two prominent standard-setting organizations in the area of TBT and SPS – to investigate how international standardization influences the design of international trade agreements, and vice versa.

Recent critiques of decentralized approaches to fisheries management have focused on problems related to poor governance. This paper aims to extend such critiques by considering in greater depth local perceptions of governance in the Philippines. Specifically, it deals with a set of regulations addressing the live reef fish trade in the Calamianes Islands. The paper shows how the entire process of implementing a closed season, the fishers' critique, and the subsequent overturning of these regulations exposes the way personalized politics is understood and practiced within Philippine society. Firstly, a background about the live reef fish trade is provided, and how the regulations were proposed and developed is described. The majority of the paper then analyses local opposition to the regulations in terms of local understandings of politics. The paper argues that when negative sentiments towards governance and governments are widespread among local residents, this may hinder successful co-management.

Reforms of international trade and investment law and institutions are hampered by conflicting economic paradigms. For instance, utilitarian Anglo-Saxon neo-liberalism (e.g. promoting self-regulatory market forces privileging the homo economicus), constitutional European ordo-liberalism (e.g. protecting multilevel, constitutional rights and judicial remedies of EU citizens), and authoritarian state-capitalism (e.g. protecting totalitarian power monopolies of the communist party in China) pursue different legal and institutional designs of trade and investment agreements. Globalization and its transformation of national into transnational public goods (PGs) require extending constitutional and institutional economics to multilevel governance of transnational PGs in order to enhance the wealth of nations. Maintaining the worldwide legal and dispute settlement system of the World Trade Organization (WTO) - and interpreting its regional and national exception clauses broadly in order to reconcile diverse, national and regional institutions of economic integration and of 'embedded liberalism' - remains in the interest of all WTO member states.