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Abstract Background Among the most vulnerable people in society are children and this is especially so in their access to health care Off-label prescription of paediatric medicines is known to be associated with safety outcomes some of which may be serious. This study identifies frequently prescribed children's medicines that are not readily available in Ghana and are prepared extemporaneously. Method All prescriptions for extemporaneous oral preparations for children presented to the local production unit of the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital from November, 2013 were eligible for the study. Information from such prescriptions was recorded in a systematic format. Presence of the prescribed medicine on the World Health Organization Children's Medicine List was ascertained in addition to the anatomical and therapeutic classification code. The registration of the prescribed medicine for paediatric use by the Food and Drugs Authority, Ghana was also checked. Descriptive statistics of the data was presented. Results In all 622 prescriptions for 35 different paediatric formulations were served. Prescriptions from several health facilities including government hospitals (6.6 %, N = 622), private hospitals (2.4 %, N = 622) and the University of Ghana hospital (1.1 %, N = 622) were all honoured. Some of the prescribed medicines (Baclofen, Clonazepam, Hydroxyurea and Lamotrigine) were neither on the World Health Organization Children's Medicine list nor registered with the Food and Drugs Authority, Ghana. Most prescribed medicines (88.6 %, N = 35) were for non-communicable diseases. Conclusion Paediatric prescriptions including off-label medicines are prescribed and formulated extemporaneously in this setting. Steps should be taken to improve access and monitor benefit-risk profiles of paediatric medicines in order to improve treatment outcomes among children.

Al-Khums is a tax that is highlighted as a contributor to the economic growth of the country. Objectively, al-Khums is obligatory for the citizen to maintain the sustainable development of the country. This article used the qualitative method. Thus, the tax collection practiced by the government provides for tax deductions for individuals who are already qualified. Nevertheless, according to the national presentation budget, the existing taxes cannot cover the strength of the national expenditure. In this situation, the local authority must remember that Islam has been successful in practicing al-Khums as the economic growth of the country. Keywords: Al-Khums; Islamic Tax; National Economy eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7i20.3626

In this study we analyzed 65 fragments of session recordings in which a cognitive behavioral therapist employed the Socratic method with her patients. Specialized coding instruments were used to categorize the verbal behavior of the psychologist and the patients. First the fragments were classified as more or less successful depending on the overall degree of concordance between the patient's verbal behavior and the therapeutic objectives. Then the fragments were submitted to sequential analysis so as to discover regularities linking the patient's verbal behavior and the therapist's responses to it. Important differences between the more and the less successful fragments involved the therapist's approval or disapproval of verbalizations that approximated therapeutic goals. These approvals and disapprovals were associated with increases and decreases, respectively, in the patient's behavior. These results are consistent with the existence, in this particular case, of a process of shaping through which the therapist modifies the patient's verbal behavior in the overall direction of his or her chosen therapeutic objectives ; This research was funded by the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, I+D+I Research Grants SEJ2007-66537-PSIC, PSI2010-15908)

<p>Currently, 4% of older adults reside in long-term care facilities in the Netherlands. Nursing home residents tend to have multimorbidity that is associated with considerable disabilities and a high level of care dependency. In the Dutch adult population the highest estimated prevalence (&gt;40%) of visual impairment (low vision and blindness) was found in the subgroup of residents in nursing homes (NHs). The aim of this study is to describe the current practice of eye care by Dutch nursing home physicians (NHPs).</p><p>A digital online survey was developed to describe the eye care activities of nursing home physicians and their cooperation in this perspective with other professionals.</p><p>Of 1573 NHPs present in the Netherlands, 125 (8%) responded.</p><p>Results show that more than 50% of the NHPs regularly examine 'distant vision', 'near vision' and 'the visual field'. However, 23%, 33% and 45% almost never or never examine the 'visual field', 'near vision' and 'distant vision', respectively. Data regarding eye care, regularly recorded in the client files by more than 50% of the NHPs, are medical data involving 'use of eye medication', 'eye disease', and 'eye surgery in the past'. Less commonly recorded is 'the use of reading glasses' as well as 'eye pain'.</p><p>Inside of the NH, (head) nurses and ward nurses (chi² = 309, df = 5, p = 0.000), and outside of the NH, ophthalmologists and low vision specialists are most frequently contacted about eye related issues (chi² = 224, df = 4, p = 0.000). Opticians are rarely contacted, and optometrists and orthoptists are 'never' contacted by more than 50% of the NHPs. Moreover, 50% of the NHPs noted that collaboration with external eye care professionals is 'not structural'.</p><p>This study shows that, according to NHPs, relevant visual aspects are not structurally examined and recorded in the client files. Outside of the NH, NHPs tend to have a less frequent collaborative relationship with optometrists, orthoptists and opticians compared to ophthalmologists and low vision specialists. The NHP's role in providing eye care can be improved by development of guidelines for structural eye screening, improvement of recording in client files, and exploring plus undertaking collaboration with other eye care professionals.</p>

COVID 19 has become a world health problem, and Indonesia has declared an emergency status for an outbreak. To prevent transmission of COVID 19, the government has set three policies that are increasing the availability and reliability of infrastructure, involving the industrial world and social education. However, COVID 19 transmission still occurs. Preparedness for COVID 19 transmission starts with the family as a minor system in the community. The Healthy Indonesian Program with a Family Approach is considered an excellent effort to carry out health functions to prevent COVID 19 transmission. This study aimed to optimize family functions in preventing COVID 19 transmission. This study used a descriptive-analytic design. Two hundred and fifty-eight samples were recruited using a consecutive sampling technique. To measure family function using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (i.e., frequency statistics). The frequency statistics showed that most of the respondents have optimally performed family functions in the health sector. Most of the respondents understand COVID 19 (88,4%), they are capable of making decisions (96,9%), they can care for the family (88,8%), they can modify the environment (75,2%), and they can take advantage of health services (81%). This study only captures the extent to which the family optimally performs health functions; it does not provide any form of intervention. The results of this study prove that the family has an important role to play in breaking the transmission of COVID 19.

This study has two purposes: (1) to document and analyze the centralization phenomena in China's higher education system and (2) to make suggestions to improve or modify the centralization of China's higher education system in light of the documentation and analysis. A major outcome of this study is an analysis of telephone interviews and secondary documents, and four recommendations are derived from this analysis. In this study four research questions have been investigated: (1) What relationship exists between the government and individual colleges or universities? What should this relationship be? (2) What kind of relationship exists between the Party committee and the university administration, especially the relationship between the university president and Party committee? What should this relationship be? (3) How much autonomy should the colleges and universities possess? (4) How should higher education institutions move from the centralization planning economy and adapt themselves to the market economy? Two methods have been employed in this study: secondary document analysis and telephone interviewing. The secondary analysis consists of information collection in both Chinese and American libraries, information evaluation, categorization, and analysis. The telephone interviewing has been used to strengthen secondary analysis. The interviews were conducted with 15 Chinese scholars who were studying in the U.S. at the time and who have either worked in China's higher education system for more than ten years or have assumed some administrative responsibilities above the department level in that system. The major findings of the telephone interviews and secondary analysis lead to the conclusion that the higher education system in present China is highly centralized and, according to the consensus viewpoint, should be decentralized in light of the four recommendations made in this study. ; Ph. D.

Developing countries are more affected by unemployment issue, in terms of populations, young people who are the most confronted with difficulties of insertion on the labor market. The aim of this paper is to make a descriptive study of youth unemployment in Algeria. We begin our study by an introduction to the concept of unemployment. In the second section, we will study the particularities of labor markets in North Africa and from the data of Global Trends in Youth Employment Report 2015 we will analyze both : youth unemployment rate and youth activity rate in this region for the period 1991-2014. In the last section, we will discuss the evolution of unemployment in Algeria and from the data of surveys done by the National Office of Statistics in 2018 it exists a persistent gap, between the youth unemployment (16-24 years ) and adult unemployment (25-60 years ), that of young people unemployment rate' is estimated at 26.4% and for adults 8.6%, in addition, it has been shown strong disparities of youth unemployment rate for Algerian men and women (46.9% for women and 22.4% for men), during the same year, the proportion of unemployed youth compared to the total number of unemployed was estimated by 33.3%, finally, we conclude that demographic, politico-economic and socio-cultural factors are the determinants of youth unemployment in Algeria. ; Gelişmekte olan ülkeler, nüfus açısından işsizlik sorunundan en çok etkilenen ülkelerdir. Bu bağlamda, iş bulabilmenin zorulukları ile en çok karşılaşan kitle gençlerdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Cezayir'deki genç işsizlik sorununa ilişkin betimsel bir çalışma yapmaktır. Çalışmamıza işsizlik kavramını açıklayarak başlıyoruz. İkinci kısımda, Kuzey Afrikadaki işgücü piyasasının detaylarına bakacağız ve Genç İstihdama ilişkin küresel eğilimler 2015 Raporu'nda yer alan verilere dayanarak 1991-2014 yılları arasında Kuzey Afrika bölgesindeki genç işsizlik ve gençlik faaliyet oranları analiz edilecektir. Son kısımda ise, Ulusal İstatistik Ofisi tarafından 2018 yılında yapılan anketlerden elde edilen vereilere dayanarak Cezayir'deki işsizliğin değişimini ve sürecini tartışacağız. Ulsal İstatistik Ofisi tarafından 2018 yılında genç işsizlik (16-24 yaş) ve yetişkinler arası işsizlik (25-60 yaş) guplarını baz alan çalışmanın verilerine göre, genç işsizlik oranı 26.4% iken yetişkinler arası işsizlik oranı 8.6% olarak belirlenmiştir. Buna ek olarak, Cezayirli genç kadın ve genç erkek işsizler arasında da ciddi bir fark görülmektedir (46.9% kadın işsizlik oranı; 22.4% erkek işsizlik oranı). Aynı yıl boyunca genç işsizlik oranı, toplam işsizlik sayısının 33.3%'ünü oluşturmaktadır. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada demografik, siyasi-ekonomik ve sosyo-kültürel unsurların, Cezayir'deki genç işsizliğin belirleyici etkenleri olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

This study examined the vocational education programs at residential schools for the deaf to find out what adjustments they have made to help high school students prepare for future employment, as well as to assess the status and some of the trends affecting the programs from 1980 through 1987. This study also attempted to determine what schools plan for the next five years (1988 through 1992). Additionally, the study looked at residential schools' student populations to assess the extent of mainstreaming of deaf residential school students into public schools and the reverse mainstreaming of hearing students into residential schools. Finally, the study attempted to identify what actions, if any, residential schools are undertaking in their vocational programs to meet changing enrollment patterns and other education trends in employment and technology.

ABSTRACTIntroductory accounting has historically been a foundational course in most undergraduate business curriculums. In many cases, the course serves as a prerequisite for all upper-level business and accounting courses. However, no current public data exist on the structure and characteristics of introductory accounting across a large sample of institutions. This study begins to fill this void by providing descriptive data on institutional characteristics of the introductory accounting course. Data are collected on seven different dimensions of the course suggested by the recommendations of the Accounting Education Change Commission (AECC) and recent trends in higher education: course size and staffing, pedagogical orientation/teaching approach, standardization of course elements across instructors, the textbook selection process, use of technology-based course management tools, off-site course delivery, and transfer credit acceptance. In some cases, the current data can be compared to previous research that examined similar characteristics. The resulting data can provide instructors, administrators, and researchers with a useful benchmark for developing teaching plans, curriculum, and future academic research.

Research utilization (RU) is crucial to preparing the next generation of registered nurses, since they are expected to stay abreast of research, read and use existing research to improve their ability to solve problems, and make decisions independently in clinical settings. Also, baccalaureate nursing programs often identify RU as an expected curricular outcome. The purpose of this study was to identify nursing students' perceptions about RU. In this study, we used a sequential mixed methods approach. In this paper, only qualitative analysis related to RU is reported. A qualitative descriptive design was used to address the study questions. A purposive sample of 20 undergraduate students enrolled in their final year of study in BScN programs (four-year basic, honors, and accelerated programs) was recruited via e-mail to participate in the study. The study findings were categorized into the components of the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) framework, which is comprised of evidence, context, and facilitation. Findings disclosed some key themes that nursing students perceive as facilitating or restricting their use of research. These themes include level of education preparedness, clinical experience and expertise, lack of time, theory practice gap, and clinical evaluation criteria, nursing faculty support for using research, and faculty's' competency in research. The majority of students stated that they did not utilize the research findings in clinical practice. Insufficient knowledge about RU was the most prominent reason. These results suggest that students should be encouraged and supported to utilize research findings in their practice settings.

Bali has always become a world-class famous tourism destination since a long time ago. Entrepreneurship development in Bali is needed because it can create job for local people and maximize the utilization of local resource for regional growth and development. This research aims to understand tourism entrepreneurship environment in Bali based on macro-regional analysis. This research used PESTEL framework and secondary data from various sources to analyze external environment of Bali as a place to develop tourism entrepreneurship. This research also conducted seasonal analysis from secondary data to understand characteristic of tourism market in Bali. The research founded that governments actively promoted Bali as world-class tourism destination, while at the same time provided grant for green project. Through their investment coordinating board, governments also helped investor to enter Indonesia market easily and conveniently. In economic aspect, tourism industry growth is seasonal but prospective because the economic growth in Bali is visibly good and stable. While setting up business in Bali needs basic knowledge in local Hindu culture, the technology infrastructure in Bali still needs improvement especially related to internet speed. Green project is important because Bali has significant environmental issue on recently, which also becomes opportunity for entrepreneurs to innovate. The protection law and legal standing for entrepreneurs in Bali is basically available but still need improvement, especially in the field of start-up taxation, garbage reduction and green project regulation.