Search results

ABSTRACT: The increasing number of IDP camps in Nigeria due to insurgency and displacement has continued to pose serious policy as well as budget issues. The challenges and needs of these camps differ and require proper identification and isolation so as to direct limited resources effectively. Using the demographic data published by Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) on the IDP camps for 2021, an intelligent and optimized K-means cluster analysis was employed to classify the camps and identify their unique features for the purpose of guiding government policies and budget aimed at improving the standard of living in the camps. In four clusters, the model successfully classified 164 of the camps as having major poverty and health issues, 114 as having overcrowding and health issues, eleven as having overcrowding issues, and thirteen as living a normal life. The results provide a suggestive guide for imminent aid .

The literature considering Bourdieu's social theory and its relevance for social work is multifaceted and growing. An evaluation of this body of work is now pressing. This critical literature review explores 34 published works on this subject. Six themes emerged from a thematic analysis of the corpus: (1) the intersection between class and poverty; (2) power and symbolic domination; (3) neoliberalism and the state; (4) reflexivity; (5) relations between social workers and other professionals; and (6) the critique of Bourdieu's thinking and its relevance for social work. The findings show that Bourdieu's social theory can augment critical and radical social work, especially when the concepts of habitus, capital, field and reflexivity are embraced. Significantly, though, it was discovered that the 'symbolic' part of Bourdieu's theory had been incompletely covered and required much more attention, as it is integral to the understanding of oppression in society.

Abstract
The study examines why certain discourses on gender are more powerful than others in describing intentions for
gender inclusion in development projects. A critical discourse analysis was carried out on texts of climate change adaptation
projects implemented during 2009–2020 in rural Bangladesh. This article argues that gender is currently not considered enough in
climate action and that gender discourses focus primarily on 'women's participation, more precisely, 'women's presence in poverty
reduction and empowerment projects. The discourses reinscribe to the long-established economic priorities of development rather
than exploring new dimensions to challenge social norms that define perpetual gender inequalities. This study suggests that
greater attention is required to address the gender realities of non-binary categories, ethnic groups, non-poor social classes,
and religious minorities to effectively plan and implement adaptation projects to support the diverse needs of vulnerable
people.

This study intends to investigate the concept of social capital on the basis of evidence provided by theoretical perspectives and empirical studies. Various definitions of social capital touch upon beliefs, values, networks, and trust by complicating the meaning and creating conceptual chaos. In addition to shaky conceptual foundations, methodological inadequacies are also framing numerous problems and challenges. Moreover, lack of power, class, race, gender etc. analysis in the literature makes it difficult to contribute to poverty alleviation. In this respect, first, the origins of the social capital, definition, and the development of the concept will be explored. The investigation of the role of the World Bank in the promotion of the concept and the empirical evidences will constitute second part of this work. It is argued here in order to foster mechanisms of development, social capital projects require broader, more collaborative, and innovative approaches.

International travel has long been considered a key pedagogical strategy for global learning. Yet very little is known about whether study-abroad experiences increase students' awareness of the impact of tourism as a global phenomenon. In this study, we assessed students' learning through a content analysis of their journals and final essays from a short-term study-abroad course that used key concepts from the sociology of tourism to explore the impact of tourism in a developing country. Findings demonstrate how thinking sociologically about travel and tourism enabled students to look "behind the scenes," fostered critical-thinking skills, helped in their self-assessment of ethnocentrism, and promoted a sense of global responsibility. We also discuss areas that merit further pedagogical attention, particularly when students struggle to unlearn preconceived ideas about poverty and inequality or resort to overgeneralizations when thinking comparatively.

Despite the existence of multiple living wage initiatives and methodologies for calculating a living wage, there has been limited improvement in increasing garment workers' incomes. This paper applies Iris Marion Young's responsibility for structural injustice theory to connect apparel brands and retailers as the actors with power, privilege and capacity to enact change to improve poverty wages. This paper critically analyses two living wage methodologies and three living wage initiatives, drawing upon Young's theory to understand why progress on living wage has stagnated. The analysis also considers whether gender has been incorporated, finding that most methodologies and initiatives fail to adequately embed gendered considerations. Findings reveal that the most powerful actors in apparel global values chains (brands and retailers) evade responsibility through performative membership with initiatives that prioritise profit, ignore gendered considerations and require minimum changes from businesses as usual.

The rationale for FP use has changed over time to progressively emphasize poverty reduction and welfare improvements. However, literature hasn't largely matched this change. This study, therefore, sought to contribute to this knowledge gap by exploring the impact of FP on household welfare using consumption per adult equivalent as the measure of household welfare. Data from the Uganda National Panel Survey 2018/19 and 2019/20 waves was used, and the analysis was done using pooled ordinary least squares. Results revealed that fewer male headed households and more of the women not using FP were poor as compared to their counterparts. Results also indicated FP use to increase household welfare by 6.4% among all households. This increase is however more significant for rural women. The results thus indicate the potential of using FP to bridge the rural-urban divide.

Market systems development (MSD) programmes aim to influence private actor behaviour to promote markets that work better for the poor. This article aims to inform theory-based evaluation (TBE) of such programmes, arguing that a stronger analysis of market actor behaviour change is needed. It proposes a 'behaviour change framework' (BCF), building on recent advances in the TBE literature. These focus attention on behaviour change as contingent on the alignment of actor capability, motivation, and opportunity, influenced by the meso and macro contexts. The article applies the BCF to three theory-based MSD evaluations to illustrate its applicability and draw lessons on its use. The BCF can be used to identify evidence gaps and support more compelling explanations of what worked and under what conditions. Such evidence can inform future MSD programmes, and enable them to better stimulate systemic change in line with poverty reduction.

This article does a literature analysis on the economic and social consequences of migration in India. International migration is a rapidly rising issue with significant developmental consequences for both sending and receiving nations. For the sending nation, migration and the remittances it generates result in greater income and poverty reduction, as well as better health and educational results, all of which contribute to economic growth. Nonetheless, these improvements may come at a significant social cost to migrants and their families. Due to the fact that many developing nations are also significant receivers of international migrants, they confront integration issues, employment rivalry between migrant and indigenous employees, and budgetary expenditures connected with providing social services to migrants. Additionally, this report includes statistics provided by the Indian government about various migratory events that occurred in the country during the last several years.

For the Republic of Moldova, international labour migration is an important factor in overcoming imbalances both in the labour market and in the national economy. International labour migration, through its transfers, contributes to economic growth and the combating poverty. At the same time, labour migration generates certain economic and social risks related, first of all, to the aging population and the increase of the labour force deficit on the labour market. One solution to overcoming these risks would be to stimulate return migration and the integration of returned migrants into employment, an activity that is the responsibility of the National Employment Agency. The analysis of the impact of labour migration on the national economy and the labour market, as well as the role of the Employment Agency in the process of integration of returned migrants is the object of study of this article.

Ivan Pososhkov is one of the founders of Russian economic thought. He is the author of the first systematized treatise on economic issues in its history - "Book on Poverty and Wealth", which will celebrate its 300th anniversary in three years. Pososhkov's ideas have aroused unceasing interest among historians of economic sciences, and for a long time he was considered as a representative of the mercantilist school in Russia. In the last decade, however, mainly, but not only in the Russian specialized literature, a discussion has unfolded about the categorization of his concept and its referring to a specific school/field of economics. The purpose of the article is a critically analysis of the arguments offered and an attempt to make sense of the place of Pososhkov's views in the history of economic doctrines. As a result, his concept is categorized within the frames of "cameralism".

Vast disparities between and within American states' responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have evoked renewed attention to whether greater centralization might enhance investments in subnational capacity and remedy subnational inequalities or instead erode subnational organizational capacity. Developments in American public education (1997–2015) offer perspective on this puzzle, which we examine by applying interrupted time series analysis to a novel dataset to assess the implications of centralization on subnational investments in administrative and technical capacity, two dimensions of organizational capacity. We find simultaneous subnational erosion in administrative capacity and growth in technical capacity following centralization, both of which appear concentrated in low-poverty areas despite centralization's explicit antipoverty purposes. Public education reforms highlight both the challenge of dismantling subnational inequality through centralization and the need for future research on policy designs that enable centralization to yield subnational capacity that is able to remedy inequality.

The study of positive youth development (PYD) requires theory-based methodological considerations pertinent to measurement, research and program design, and data analysis. We outline the appropriate steps that researchers and program evaluators must enact to address these methodological foci in their respective attempts to describe, explain, and optimize the course of positive development among diverse youth around the world. We focus on longitudinal (developmental) research designed to evaluate programs promoting PYD in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where life challenges are shaped by multiple adverse situations associated with racism, poverty, gender inequalities, political inequities, and the absence of adequate health and medical resources. Using the Compassion International Study of PYD as a sample case, we suggest how researchers and practitioners might collaborate to enact rigorous, theory-based research aimed at promoting PYD among youth living in LMICs and worldwide.

The financial literacy of urban Indians has been a cause of concern for Reserve Bank, commercial banks, and numerous NGOs and self-help groups. Extant literature has proven that financial illiteracy and poor financial skills lead to evils such as indebtedness leading to bankruptcy filings, poverty, divorce, and depression. Keeping in mind the importance of being able to understand and handle personal finance well by millennials, the authors examined 213 Indian students pursuing a PG course in management in Delhi city. To ascertain the students' level of financial knowledge and examine whether factors like gender, education level, undergraduate area of study, income level, etc., factor analysis is conducted and five independent factors are extracted, explaining 80% of variance. Through the study, five factors determining financial literacy were found—borrowing behavior, investment behavior, financial prudence, transaction behavior, and spending behavior—in Delhi from 2014-2018.

Reading the Bible with the Poor is a methodology of biblical study rooted in liberation theology and hermeneutics. Leaders within the Poor People's Campaign: A National Call for Moral Revival are utilizing this methodology as a tool for organizing the movement to end poverty. This paper will explore the literature of the Reading the Bible with the Poor methodology with emphasis on the influences from contextual biblical study and liberation theology, especially in South Africa and Latin America, as well as social movements of the poor and dispossessed in the United States. Additionally, the paper will include reflections from one author, who is a practitioner of this methodology of biblical reading, on its use as an emancipatory adult education program within the Poor People's Campaign: A National Call for Moral Revival. The analysis and reflections can inform other adult education movements rooted in struggles for liberation and revolutionary critical pedagogy.