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"Nach anfänglicher Skepsis haben die USA ihre Bedenken und Einwände gegen die Europäische Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik (ESVP) aufgegeben. Mittlerweile anerkennen sie, dass die NATO der Unterstützung der EU bedarf, um alle Krisen bewältigen zu können." (Autorenreferat)

Does the form of a multilateral agreement (MEA) by itself improve environmental performance? In particular, do legally nonbinding MEAs pose a rival to the effect of more traditional legally binding international agreements? Our theory builds on the legal and international regimes literatures and postulates that legally binding agreements (LBAs) have more benign effects on water quality than legally nonbinding agreements (LNBAs). We probe two operationalizations of the form of MEAs. First, we purely focus on the form: of legally binding versus legally nonbindings. Second, we combine the form of an agreement each with an index of precision and an index of delegation. The empirical focus is on upstream–downstream water quality in Europe during 1990 to 2007. Our regression analyses, regardless of specification, find that LBAs beat LNBAs and that LBAs with high degrees of precision and delegation beat the effect of any other configuration of agreements with respect to enhancing water quality.

In the Age of Enlightenment people began to believe that knowledge provided the power to change society in order to move towards a better, more progressive international society and law. The new issues dealt with concerned political freedom and sovereignty. How have these views affected the contemporary understanding of society and law? In the general context we can speak of two opposing approaches towards international society and law.

This study aimed to provide an assessment of marketing on international business and to organize and classify the literature on marketing in order to clarify the importance of this tool and encourage future research in the projection of international business marketing (IBM) and the power of the ubiquity of this tool in the hands of the users. It is a bibliometric study, and this work focused on international business and marketing articles published in major international marketing, expansion, strategies, and business journals from 2000 to 2020; this topic is scattered across various journals and second data in many disciplines. The investigation reviewed and collected data on the specific paradigm of research that discusses, investigates, and evaluates the topic of IBM. The results showed a new paradigm applied to the topic of IBM and classified it into four first-order research streams: academic research, international business, international development strategies, and customers. The contribution of this study is important in order to identify new challenges and opportunities for marketers, researchers and international companies and in terms of disentangling existing contradictions, applying a new theoretical framework to make better future decisions by large companies, and providing a higher quality to new research in the context of IBM.

The global movement for racial justice and the rise of anti-Asian hate at the height of the pandemic have called new attention to race and racism in international politics. Although critical theorists have decried the "norm against noticing," other scholars of international relations have long sidestepped the possible role of race in shaping contemporary international affairs. New studies of hierarchy in international relations open the door for new understandings of race in world politics. We propose an analytic framework for the relationship between racial hierarchy, international law, and foreign policy, demonstrating that race can help explain patterns of interstate interactions that sustain an unequal global order. Positing two faces of racism in international relations, we examine how race biases international law in practice and affects the assessment of foreign threats and national interest. We discuss key methodological challenges in empirical research on race in international relations, focusing on issues of measurement, aggregation, and causation.

Cities and local governments have become both important sites for international development as well as actors which aspire to shape the practice in this field. This paper retraces the emergence of cities and local governments as having this dual character, in order to provide the ground for a more forward-looking deliberation on some of the emerging themes on the role of cities in and for international law and development today. We see in particular a friction between two seemingly competing and broader understandings of global development, in both of which cities play a prominent role: the SDGs as adopted in 2015, and China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The SDGs are the most important multilateral articulation of ideas of development today. To this extent, they are considerably shaped by the long shadow of the post-Cold War era and the shifting priorities of influential actors like the United States, the European Union, but also increasingly vocal states from the 'Global South'. The BRI follows a different idea of international development, built around the notions of non-interference and 'win-win cooperation.' What unites these two blueprints for global development is that international law, as traditionally understood, does not seem to take center stage. Or rather, we wish to expound, it may be a new type of international law which emerges from these global constellations of international development which comes not only, but also from below.

"Unter den Vorzeichen der Globalisierung wächst die Welt zusehends zusammen, die Interaktionen zwischen einer wachsenden Zahl staatlicher und nicht staatlicher Akteure vernetzen sich immer engmaschiger. Hieraus resultieren beispiellose Chancen und Möglichkeiten etwa auf den Gebieten von Wirtschaft und Kultur, denen aber auch neue Risiken und Bedrohungen gegenüberstehen, die wie beispielsweise Klimaschäden ihre Wirkungen grenzüberschreitend und zunehmend im globalen Maßstab entfalten. Wenngleich angesichts dieser Entwicklung die Souveränität ebenso wie die Problemlösungskompetenzen der Nationalstaaten immer weiter erodieren, bleiben letztere doch auch weiterhin die prägenden Akteure des internationalen Systems. Sie sind jedoch bei der Maximierung der Chancen sowie der Minimierung der Risiken des Globalisierungsprozesses in zunehmendem Maß auf multilaterale Zusammenarbeit angewiesen. Internationale Organisationen bilden vor allem seit dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges wichtige und erfolgreiche Foren für die Ausgestaltung solcher Kooperationsbeziehungen. Allerdings stoßen sie angesichts der Komplexität der zu behandelnden Probleme wie auch der Neigung der Staaten zur Verfolgung ihrer partikularen Interessen immer wieder auch an die Grenzen ihrer Leistungsfähigkeit. Dies musste die Europäische Union bei der Bewältigung der Finanz- und Schuldenkrise bzw. bei der Gestaltung ihrer Gemeinsamen Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik (GASP) ebenso erfahren wie die Vereinten Nationen (VN) in ihren Bemühungen um den Weltfrieden im Irak, in Libyen oder Syrien. Um die oft schwerfälligen Entscheidungsmechanismen internationaler Organisationen zu beschleunigen, setzen viele Staaten auf kleinere Formate von Akteuren mit ähnlich gelagerten Interessen. So entstehende 'Clubs' wie die G8, die G20 oder die Community of Democracies müssen sich jedoch mit dem Vorwurf mangelnder Legitimation ihrer Entscheidungen und Handlungen für die übrige Welt auseinandersetzen. Durch die Entstehung von Teilmengen - wie der Euro-Gruppe oder der Schengen-Staaten innerhalb der EU - können Organisationen Gefahr laufen, dass sich ihre Mitglieder einander entfremden und es zu Desintegrationserscheinungen kommt. Auch wenn es leichter gefordert als realisiert ist: Angesichts der Herausforderungen in der global sieden Welt sollten Staaten zu der Erkenntnis gelangen, dass ihre nationalen Interessen in funktionierenden multilateralen Kooperationsverbünden gut aufgehoben sind." (Autorenreferat)

This book focuses on the interface of work and personal life of international professionals. The globalization of business has led to an increasing number of people who work in international roles either through working abroad on different kinds of assignments or through international travelling. This book provides novel knowledge on the topic from different perspectives, highlighting not only the inherent challenges but also the positive side of working in a modern globalized world. Moreover, the book contributes by bringing together international professionals' own experiences, family members' experiences, organizational aspects and new theoretical discussions and models. The book covers several different perspectives on the work and personal life interface offering insights on the areas like adjustment, social support, dual-career issues and organizational practices. The book examines the situations of several different types of international employee such as organizational expatriates, self-initiated expatriates and international business travellers. The new interesting research evidence is provided from various country contexts from North America, Europe and Asia by researchers around the world.