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La criminologie a aujourd'hui une actualité traversée par de nombreuses controverses, que ce soit sur son institutionnalisation, son développement dans le cadre d'un marché de la sécurité florissant, ou les emprunts qui y ont été faits lors de lois pénales assez récentes40. La criminologie a été abordée sous une forme picaresque et colorée or, il y a un vrai phénomène criminologie à analyser, tant cette "science sociale" relève des questions qui sont de réels problèmes de société. En s'attachant à la genèse de ce savoir, nous voudrions ici précisément montrer la dimension sociologique de ces écrits, proches de l'anthropologie, portés plutôt par des médecins, quelques juristes intéressés par le social et par l'impact de leurs travaux sur les possibles transformations du monde. Palavras-chave: Ciência – Criminologia – Sociologia - França – Europa Século XIX – Política – Saberes de Governo. ; A criminologia hoje é atravessada por muita controvérsia, seja em razão de sua institucionalização, em razão de seu desenvolvimento como parte de um próspero mercado de segurança ou de empréstimos que foram feitos em leis criminais bastante recentes. A criminologia foi abordada de forma picaresca e colorida ou como forma de abordar um fenômeno criminológico real a ser analisado. De todo modo essa "ciência social" levanta questões que são problemas reais da sociedade. Ao focarmos na gênese desse conhecimento, gostaríamos aqui de mostrar precisamente a dimensão sociológica desses escritos, próximos à antropologia, praticados sobretudo por médicos, alguns juristas interessados no âmbito social e no impacto de seus trabalhos sobre as possíveis transformações do mundo. ; La criminologie a aujourd'hui une actualité traversée par de nombreuses controverses, que ce soit sur son institutionnalisation, son développement dans le cadre d'un marché de la sécurité florissant, ou les emprunts qui y ont été faits lors de lois pénales assez récentes[1]. La criminologie a été abordée sous une forme picaresque et colorée or, il y a un vrai phénomène criminologie à analyser, tant cette "science sociale" relève des questions qui sont de réels problèmes de société. En s'attachant à la genèse de ce savoir, nous voudrions ici précisément montrer la dimension sociologique de ces écrits, proches de l'anthropologie, portés plutôt par des médecins, quelques juristes intéressés par le social et par l'impact de leurs travaux sur les possibles transformations du monde. Mots-Clés: Science – Criminologie – Sociologie - France – Europe XIXème siècle – Politique – Savoirs de Gouvernement. n d'irresponsabilité pénale pour cause de trouble mental du 25 février 2008 ; Criminology today is riddled with much controversy, either because of its institutionalization, because of its development as part of a thriving security market or as loans that were made in very recent criminal laws. Criminology was approached in a picaresque and colorful way or as a way to address a real criminological phenomenon to be analyzed. In any case, this "social science" raises questions that are real problems for society. In focusing on the genesis of this knowledge, we would like here to show precisely the sociological dimension of these writings, close to anthropology, practiced mainly by doctors, some jurists interested in the social scope and the impact of their work on the possible transformations of the world.

This article examines competing strategies for supporting and utilizing applied social science and the policy sciences in public decisions and program operations. It argues that tension and conflict are the normal, expected state of affairs between decision makers and the social science and policy science communities. This is so because of very different strategic perspectives governing the scientific standing, decision utility, and political "morality"of applied social research and policy research. The article suggests conflict can be dampened, but never completely eliminated, by two things: (1) sequential research designs that simultaneously produce both partial scientific truths and information useful to decision makers, and (2) more attention to overall quality control and utilization possibilities. However, such improvements require changes in the incentive and value systems of social scientists, policy scientists, and decision makers. The engineering of change m these three communities is itself a formidable unsolved problem.

The current debate in political science over methods and fundamental
theoretical stances recalls similar debates in other fields. Part of
the debate focuses on the merits of the use of statistical methods
or the use of mathematics and quasi-mathematical reasoning, as in
game theory and much of rational choice. Among the critics of those
who use these approaches are many who focus more on interpretive
approaches to understanding social institutions and behavior. In
some ways, the debate seems dated in that the largest and most
compelling body of quasi-economic work is broad studies of the
relationships between political and economic development. Such work,
often with relatively sharply defined statistical models, spans more
than two generations of scholars in political science. Such work has
given compelling answers to many questions about the workings and
workability of democracy. It typically abstracts from culture and it
fits congenially with rational choice theory in its focus on
microfoundations for various claims.

Résumé
Cette note critique pose trois questions, formulées essentiellement à partir des deux premiers tomes de l'Histoire des sciences et des savoirs, entreprise dirigée par Dominique Pestre.Tout d'abord, elle examine les relations entre « sciences » et « savoirs ». Est-il possible de tracer une nette frontière entre les unes et les autres? Ou faut-il considérer les savoirs « scientifiques » (avec ou sans guillemets) comme une classe particulière de savoirs? Et, dans ce cas, doit-on les définir à partir d'un certain nombre d'opérations spécifiques? Ensuite, l'interrogation porte sur l'acceptation, la critique ou le refus de la définition classique de la « révolution scientifique », datée du XVIIe siècle et caractérisée par la rencontre entre la mathématisation de la nature et la pratique expérimentale. Faut-il lui substituer d'autres perspectives, qui portent l'attention sur les reconfigurations des champs de la connaissance ou sur la pluralité des révolutions? Enfin, est discutée l'attention portée aux histoires connectées des savoirs, qui rompent avec l'européocentrisme et introduisent de nouveaux acteurs. Mais ces circulations n'effacent pas l'asymétrie des échanges, les stigmatisations des savoirs indigènes ou l'imposition impérialiste de la science occidentale.

The working paper reflects on the status that "sciences" have held at different points in time, and on the normative orders found in scientific works, as well as on the normative orders imposed by the sciences of a particular place and time on their environment. The latter is also suggested by recent developments concerning the influence (or lack thereof) of scientists on daily life and politics. The paper touches on several fundamental issues in the history of science as a discipline that have been or are still being intensely debated.

Castellanos A. S. Missionaries of science in Mexico: bringing science to mexican schools / Castellanos A. S. // Матеріали Міжнародної науково-практичної конференції «Методика навчання природничих дисциплін у середній та вищій школі» (XXІI КАРИШИНСЬКІ ЧИТАННЯ) (м. Полтава, 21-22 травня 2015 р.) / За заг. ред. проф. М. В. Гриньової. – Полтава, 2015. – С. 84-86. ; The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) of the Organization for Economic CoOperation and Development (OECD) define scientific literacy as "The capacity to use scientific knowledge, to identify questions and to draw evidence-based conclusions in order to understand and help make decisions about the natural world and the changes made to it through human activity." Scientific illiteracy is a worldwide problem. Without basic science knowledge we are utterly dependent on others to form opinion about decisions made by the government and people, like construction of factories contaminating seas and rivers, uncontrolled consumption of species causing their extinction, street littering, tree felling, etc. Specific indicators of scientific illiteracy in our country, besides given above, are the poor results on PISA examinations obtained by the Mexican students, mainly in scientific culture.