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Introduction: Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has many different epidemiological, social and political aspects. The aim of this study was to determine the research priorities according to the necessary aspects of HPV in Iran. Methods: The national and international databases were searched to obtain the published articles regarding HPV in Iran. All Epidemiologic studies were included in this review to assess research priorities. Results: Of 148 studies involving 14,661 participants, the most studies were conducted in Tehran (44.75%) province. Measuring prevalence of HPV (n=63, 42.5%), diagnosis of HPV by molecular techniques (n=52, 35.1%), Knowledge, Attitude and Practice studies (KAP) (n=13, 8.7%), vaccine efficacy (n=8, 5.4%), cost and cost effectiveness analysis (n=4, 2.7%), co-infection of HPV and sexually transmitted diseases (n=5, 3.3%) were the frequent aims of the included studies. Sixty percent (n=57) of the studies were conducted in clinical patients including patients with cervical cancer (n=30, 52.6%), patients with prostate cancer/Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (n=6, 10.5%), and patients with Esophageal carcinoma (n=5, 8.7%). Conclusion: According to our results, the high-risk groups such as female sex workers, injecting drug users and prisoners are in priority for research in the field of HPV. Despite ample epidemiologic studies on prevalence and association of HPV with specific cancers, evidence towards effectiveness and cost-benefits of HPV vaccination is required to prevent the infection and its complicated clinical consequences.

Many public libraries have developed standards to provide public reading services to minorities. Such a role has advanced the public library towards an informal, educational, and social work role, approaching traditionally excluded groups such as the Roma minority in Spain. However, developed initiatives in Spain are scarce; in addition, specific services do not abound and research and reflection on this reality from the library point of view is rare. The general objective of this text is the proposal of some librarian areas of work to serve the Roma minority from a multidisciplinary approach. The specific objectives are focused on revising library regulations and their adaptation to this minority and analyzing public library services existing in the European Union addressed to them. To achieve all these objectives, this research work has used two main techniques: one is observation and analysis, and the other is the design of practical proposals. In the first part, the Roma community has been analyzed both nationally and internationally. Similarly, Roma European legislation has been considered together with the library regulations that affect it. The current functions of the library have been analyzed and, finally, different library services intended for this minority have been studied both at a European and at a national level. In the second part, different improvement proposals have been made both in normative aspects and in practical aspects. Observations and recommendations are made to evaluate and organize information about library actions with minorities.

The concept of biorefinery expands the possibilities to extract value from organic matter in form of either bespoke crops or organic waste. The viability of biorefinery schemes depends on the recovery of highervalue chemicals with potential for a wide distribution and an untapped marketability. The feasibility of biorefining organic waste is enhanced by the fact that the biorefinery will typically receive a waste management fee for accepting organic waste. The development and implementation of waste biorefinery concepts can open up a wide array of possibilities to shift waste management towards higher sustainability. However, barriers encompassing environmental, technical, economic, logistic, social and legislative aspects need to be overcome. For instance, waste biorefineries are likely to be complex systems due to the variability, heterogeneity and low purity of waste materials as opposed to dedicated biomasses. This article discusses the drivers that can make the biorefinery concept applicable to waste management and the possibilities for its development to full scale. Technological, strategic and market constraints affect the successful implementations of these systems. Fluctuations in waste characteristics, the level of contamination in the organic waste fraction, the proximity of the organic waste resource, the markets for the biorefinery products, the potential for integration with other industrial processes and disposal of final residues are all critical aspects requiring detailed analysis. Furthermore, interventions from policy makers are necessary to foster sustainable bio-based solutions for waste management.

The concept of biorefinery expands the possibilities to extract value from organic matter in form of either bespoke crops or organic waste. The viability of biorefinery schemes depends on the recovery of higher-value chemicals with potential for a wide distribution and an untapped marketability. The feasibility of biorefining organic waste is enhanced by the fact that the biorefinery will typically receive a waste management fee for accepting organic waste. The development and implementation of waste biorefinery concepts can open up a wide array of possibilities to shift waste management towards higher sustainability. However, barriers encompassing environmental, technical, economic, logistic, social and legislative aspects need to be overcome. For instance, waste biorefineries are likely to be complex systems due to the variability, heterogeneity and low purity of waste materials as opposed to dedicated biomasses. This article discusses the drivers that can make the biorefinery concept applicable to waste management and the possibilities for its development to full scale. Technological, strategic and market constraints affect the successful implementations of these systems. Fluctuations in waste characteristics, the level of contamination in the organic waste fraction, the proximity of the organic waste resource, the markets for the biorefinery products, the potential for integration with other industrial processes and disposal of final residues are all critical aspects requiring detailed analysis. Furthermore, interventions from policy makers are necessary to foster sustainable bio-based solutions for waste management.

While recognizing that women are part of the most vulnerable sections of migrant communities, the article affirms their social agency by locating their responses to difficulties they face as migrants within a framework of precarious resistance. Based on indepth interviews with Zimbabwean migrant women working in Johannesburg, South Africa, the article discusses a duality of precarious work and precarious resistance. Women who would have been carers of families at their homes in Zimbabwe, and been supported financially by men who worked in the cities like Johannesburg, are now breadwinners who take risks by travelling to Johannesburg in search of work. The first aspect dealt with in this paper narrates problems faced by the women when travelling to Johannesburg. Being women doubles the risk in a way as the women have to deal with violence against women and generalized lack of basic services and goods like those necessary for female hygiene and washing facilities. Arriving in Johannesburg means the beginning of a new struggle of searching for work and finding work which tends to be precarious. As a response to this precariousness, the second aspect of this duality comes into play where the female workers amass strategies and tactics which are defined as precarious resistance, because they are individualized and isolated. However, networks play a major role in anchoring precarious resistance of the women migrants who work as precarious workers in Johannesburg.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate diversity management in an under-researched country by merging theoretical insights developed in the Western literature with cultural aspects of a traditionally homogeneous country, South Korea.Design/methodology/approachThis study integrates theory and research on why diversity can have either a positive (i.e. the information/decision-making paradigm) or a negative (i.e. the social categorization paradigm) effect on performance with different diversity perspectives (i.e. integration-and-learning, access-and-legitimacy, and discrimination-and-fairness). This study develops a model of when and how gender diversity affects organization performance and test the model with a sample of 177 South Korean organizations.FindingsThis study finds that gender diversity is negatively related to organization performance in South Korea. This study also finds that the effect of gender diversity is contingent on organizational diversity perspectives. Organizations with high gender diversity perform better to the extent that they have a discrimination-fairness perspective, but not a business-oriented perspective. On the other hand, a discrimination-fairness perspective is unrelated to performance for organizations that are low in gender diversity.Originality/valueAlthough gender diversity in the South Korean workplace continues to increase, the relationship between gender diversity and organization performance has rarely been studied in the aspect of Korea's traditionally homogeneous culture. This study highlights the importance of cultural-contingencies in understanding the consequences of diversity.

The ecosystem approach has been widely incorporated in the management and evaluation of agrarian sustainability. Despite enormous progress in this new evolving area, still there is no consensus on how to assess the sustainability of agro-ecosystems due to the diversity in understandings, approaches, methods, employed data, etc. In Bulgaria there are no comprehensive studies on the integral, socio-economic and ecological sustainability of the different types of agro-ecosystems. This paper makes a first attempt at assessing the sustainability of agro-ecosystems in Bulgaria. Initially, a holistic framework for assessing the integral, economic, social and ecological sustainability of agro-ecosystems, which includes 17 principles, 35 criteria, and 46 indicators and reference values, is suggested. After that, the integral and the multi-aspect sustainability of 7 generic and 10 specific agro-ecosystems in Bulgaria are assessed. The estimates are based on first-hand information collected by the managers of "typical" farms operating in different agro-ecosystems in 4 geographical regions of the country. The study has found out that there is a substantial variation in the level of integral and multi-aspect sustainability of the different types of agro-ecosystems, as well as in the level of contribution to the sustainability of various sub-sectors of agriculture and farms of different juridical type and size, where the individual indicators with the highest and lowest values show the (critical) factors which enhance or deter sustainability.

This article discusses the concept of bribery in the perspective of hadith jurisprudence and its impact on human life. By looking at some definitions of bribery, it is found that all definitions give different meanings, goals, and aspects, there are essence of bribery, or which have similarities to them (such as gratification), because bribery is a social phenomenon and has many patterns making it difficult to define definitions the right and limit the meaning. But a definition that explains the meaning of bribery objectively, namely: Giving given to someone (an official) so that the right becomes wrong and wrong becomes right, because it summarizes the essence of bribery practice and is considered a comprehensive definition of all banned aspects of bribery, so let us choose this. In Qur'ān and Ḥadīth, Allah forbade his servant to eat bribery property, because this property was included as part of consuming other people's assets with vanity. Even though bribery is called a variety of terms in daily life, such as facilitation payments, tips, etc., the legal status and prohibition cannot change with these various terms. Bribes also have the potential to create hate conflicts and hostility among members of the community. Because in essence, bribery is only a tool for those who hold policies to oppress the weak. On the other hand, those who surrendered their wealth to the recipients of this bribe gave their assets very forcefully.

With the objective of providing an insightful analysis of Chagas disease in the world, the authors share their collective reflections about the current situation of this public health problem in: rural environments of Latin America; urban environments of endemic and non-endemic areas everywhere; and, at a global level. A perspective based on the 'Democracy and Health Promotion' axis allowed the development of an innovative update about Chagas disease as a model of a complex socio-environmental health problem, with a key set of elements that goes beyond biomedical aspects. The authors created a dialogue between the fundamental elements of the Curitiba Statement on Health Promotion and Equity and crucial aspects of a reflection on the reality of Chagas disease today that at the same time challenges the different actors involved. With that reference, the call to promote a 'critical analysis of viabilities and opportunities for action, considering the potentialities and barriers imposed by the complexity of social movements in the present context of recedes and the loss of rights' was emphasized repeatedly. Finally, on the occasion of the recent creation of the Technical Group on Information, Education and Communication to control Chagas disease, WHO Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, the authors share reflections to propose an inclusive and transformative approach of health promotion what we hope is a new horizon for people affected, directly and indirectly, by Chagas disease. ; Grupo de Didáctica de las Ciencias

The last seismic events in Central Italy (L'Aquila 2009, Amatrice 2016) have demonstrated that the economic loss from physical damage strongly influence the community's recovery capability, especially when a relevant portion of the building stock is represented by unreinforced masonry (URM) constructions. As a matter of fact, URMs are recognized as the most vulnerable structures with respect to seismic forces. Furthermore, damage on masonry usually involves expensive and time-consuming repairing activities that can be carried out only by expert builders. Although these considerations are widely known among the Italian technical-scientific community, nowadays the social and political awareness about the problem is still quite low. One of the key aspects for an effective seismic risk mitigation is the analytical quantification of decision variables (e.g. monetary loss) to be shared with different stakeholders such as building owners, policy makers, insurance companies, etc. In response of this need, new assessment methodologies have been included in technical guidelines. In the present paper, the façade of a historic URM building located in the city center of L'Aquila is adopted as a case-study for the quantification of its seismic-induced economic average annual loss. In detail the Performance Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE) approach proposed by the US FEMA P-58 and the simplified economic assessment methodology included in the Italian Sisma Bonus act are herein discussed and compared, pointing out the salient aspects of their application to URMs.

This paper is an attempt to study the representation of socio-cultural life in Kamala Markandaya's Bombay Tiger. Being a leading post-independent Indian novelist, Kamala Markandaya has candidly portrayed Indian social, cultural and political life through her novels. She has rightly reflected these aspects in the work Bombay Tiger. Her description of various aspects and dimensions of cultural life is not imaginary and based on some literature, but it is based on carefully observed traditions and depicted cultural values and ideas. Soon after the death of Kamala Markandaya her daughter Kim Oliver found a typewritten copy of her novel and it was published posthumously with the title 'Bombay Tiger' in 2008. Charles R. Larson, one of the close friends of Markandaya and Professor of Literature, American University, Washington, DC has written an introduction to novel Bombay Tiger (2008) where he writes: Reading Bombay Tiger twenty years after Kamala Markandaya began writing the novel is a kind of revelation - especially for what it says about contemporary India" (Larson xii). Although Markandaya lived in abroad she kept in touch with the India. She actively read English newspapers which provided excellent coverage of occurrences in the commonwealth in general and India in particular. It has been rightly said that Kamala Markandaya's "Sense of India was always extraordinarily vivid, filled with rich vitality, and imaginative in the way of all great writers (and especially novelists) who have been connected to place (Larson xii).

The last seismic events in Central Italy (L'Aquila 2009, Amatrice 2016) have demonstrated that the economic loss from physical damage strongly influence the community's recovery capability, especially when a relevant portion of the building stock is represented by unreinforced masonry (URM) constructions. As a matter of fact, URMs are recognized as the most vulnerable structures with respect to seismic forces. Furthermore, damage on masonry usually involves expensive and time-consuming repairing activities that can be carried out only by expert builders. Although these considerations are widely known among the Italian technical-scientific community, nowadays the social and political awareness about the problem is still quite low. One of the key aspects for an effective seismic risk mitigation is the analytical quantification of decision variables (e.g. monetary loss) to be shared with different stakeholders such as building owners, policy makers, insurance companies, etc. In response of this need, new assessment methodologies have been included in technical guidelines. In the present paper, the façade of a historic URM building located in the city center of L'Aquila is adopted as a case-study for the quantification of its seismic-induced economic average annual loss. In detail the Performance Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE) approach proposed by the US FEMA P-58 and the simplified economic assessment methodology included in the Italian Sisma Bonus act are herein discussed and compared, pointing out the salient aspects of their application to URMs.

Kyrgyzstan is located in the runoff formation area of Aral Sea basin. The ecological protection of this country has a great effect on the downstream and Aral Sea conservation. There were a few studies about this region carried out from ecological policy aspects. The aim of this study was two-fold. First, we characterized the eco-policy system structure of Kyrgyzstan in different stages. It means the transition from &ldquo ; command and control&rdquo ; to &ldquo ; market-based&rdquo ; ecological policy. The priority of ecological policy was changed from &ldquo ; sustain economic growth and poverty reduction&rdquo ; to &ldquo ; sustainable development and green economy&rdquo ; . We then used a data envelope analysis method to evaluate the effects of eco-policy and government governance through eco-efficiency. The results are that (1) the eco-efficiency achieved the relative optimal state and the ecological policy obtained a relatively positive effect as a whole ; (2) economic development promotes the protection of the ecological environment. It is the first time that quantitative method has been used to analyze the effects of ecological policy of Kyrgyzstan. The model results can reflect comprehensive effects of ecological policy in social, economic, and ecological aspects. This study provides a reference for those who want to shape the next generation of eco-environmental policies both in Kyrgyzstan and other Central Asian countries.

Land development in sub-urban areas is more frequent than in highly urbanized cities, causing land prices to increase abruptly and making it harder for valuers to update land values in timely manner. Apart from this, the non-availability of sufficient reliable market values forces valuers to use alternatives and subjective judgement. Land value is critical not only for private individuals but also for government agencies in their day-to-day land dealings. Thus, mass appraisal is necessary. In other words, despite the importance of reliable land value in all aspects of land administration, valuation remains disorganized, with unregulated undertakings that lack concrete scientific, legal, and practical foundations. A holistic and objective way of weighing geospatial factors through expert consultation, legal reviews, and evidence (i.e., news) will provide more realistic results than a regression-based method that does not comprehend valuation factors (i.e., physical, social, economic, environmental, and legal aspects). The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) enables these factors to be included in the model, hence providing a realistic result. The innovative land valuation model (iLVM), developed in this study, is an inclusive approach wherein experts are involved in the selection and weighing of 15 factors through the AHP. The model was validated using root mean squared error (RMSE) and compared with multiple regression analysis (MRA) through a case study in Baybay City, Philippines. Based on the results, the iLVM (RMSE = 0.526) outperformed MRA (RMSE = 1.953).

As a humanitarian worker who was professionally involved for decades in crisis- and war-shaken countries, the author strove to understand the political, socioeconomic, and cultural factors contributing to conflicts. This contextualization, with a focus on Arab countries, confirmed what other thinkers found: the majority of political, economic, social, cultural, religious, and finally humanitarian crises in the Arab world are man-made and can be attributed to both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Central to the latter appears to be a shared cultural construct that can be termed "Arab reason." This essay tries to present information on various aspects of the crisis; to understand why reform efforts come so late and why are they are more difficult for Arabs than for other Muslims. It continues by looking at the knowledge systems that govern Arab reason and their evolution, including the decisive role of the religious knowledge system. From there, it proposes some reform ideas including a renewed legal reasoning process with the goal of a future-oriented, knowledge-based, and inclusive Arab Islamic vision. A pragmatic way forward could be an additional unifying eighth legal school (madhhab/madhāhib) to counter sectarian conflicts and violence. This essay is built on a targeted literature search and is not a comprehensive review of the growing literature generated by distinguished thinkers on various aspects of Arab Islamic identity.