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The European Union (EU) has powers and responsibilities in the area of public health, while the organisation of healthcare facilities remains the concern of member states. However, a series of directives has, since the late 1970s, sought to ensure the right of individual practitioners to travel freely throughout the EU, both to obtain specialist training and to practise in all member states on the same basis as doctors working in the member states where they were first registered. More recently, there has been mutual recognition of completion of specialist training across the EU. A new directive concerning the mobility of medical practitioners across the EU is under discussion.

Where do we go and what is the fate of the European Union after Brexit Referendum? What are the prospects for the development of the "27-nation" formula and what are the real problems that the European Union cannot neglect for a long time? These are the most asked questions in the international press but also the speeches of Europe's important figures. The political leaders of the world propose a series of hypotheses and scenarios about the fate of the European Union. Some of them are encouraging, others grimmer, some more radical and others rather moderate. The present paper will discuss the most vulnerable points of the today European Union and will outline the scenarios for the future of this construction. It will be discussed the most plausible scenario and some political figures who sustain this evolution of the European Union by using a qualitative methodology.

More than four decades and big financial funds mark the regional policy of the European Union. The social and economic cohesion is an essential matter nowadays for the Union and this cohesion is brought toguether in the numerous regulations and treaties that the Community follows. The enormous number of Financial instruments dedicated to ease off the strain between different regions, clearly shows that the Union still faces many problems. At the same time these incoveniences are increasing as new members join. There are still big internal differences however, that are slowing down the real convergence betwen regions. The differences Will become more marked in the future when the countries from Central and East Europe, that long for a membership, join the Union. ; Más de cuatro décadas e ingentes fondos financieros jalonan la política regional de la Unión Europea. La cohesión económica y social es hoy una cuestión primordial para la Comunidad y está recogida en los Tratados y numerosos Reglamentos que la encauzan. La multitud de Instrumentos Financieros dedicados a amainar los desequilibrios regionales habla bien a las claras de los numerosos problemas con que se enfrenta la Unión, que se iban agrandando a medida que se incorporaban nuevos miembros. Pero aún hoy subsisten grandes diferencias internas que están retardando la convergencia real de las regiones, que se acentuarán en los años próximos cuandose vayan incorporado los nuevos países de Europa Central y Oriental que aspiran a su ingreso.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Inventing the EU as a Democratic Polity: Introduction -- The EU as an Arena of Controversies -- The EU as a Democratic Polity? -- Concepts as Categories, Factors and Indicators -- Theoretical Premises -- Research Methodology -- What This Book Is and What It Is Not -- The Book and Its Parts -- References -- Part I The Theoretical and Methodological Toolkit -- Conceptualising Representative Democracy in the EU -- Academic Controversy on the EU as a Representative Democracy -- The Triad of Representative Democracy: Citizenship, Parliament, Government -- Citizens-Subjects-People-Sovereign-Electorate-Demos -- Parliament-Representation-Legislature -- Government-Executive -- Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Towards a Reflexive Perspective on Political Concepts -- What Is a Concept? -- The Methodological Perspective of Conceptual History -- A Heuristic and Analytical Toolbox for Studying Conceptual Change -- A Taxonomy for Studying Conceptual Change -- In Sum: A Reflexive Usage and Analysis of Concepts -- References -- Studying Conceptual Change via European Integration: A Research Agenda -- Conceptual Change and EU Integration-Lining Out the Research Field -- How to Study Conceptual Change in EU Integration? -- Concepts as Analytical Categories -- Concepts as Factors and Indicators of Institutional, Political and Social Changes in the EU -- A Wide Array of Potential Research Questions -- Discussing One Slice of the Agenda: What I Will Do in the Book -- References -- Studying Conceptual Controversies in This Book -- Conceptual Controversies and Their Reflection in Texts and Documents -- Document and Qualitative Analyses -- Determining Cases and Research Material -- Finding Out About the How and the Why in a Conceptual Controversy -- Cases and Design of the Studies in This Book -- References.

Die Artikel des Sonderbandes befassen sich mit unterschiedlichen Ost-West-Migra­tionswellen der letzten 20 Jahre. Gastarbeiter aus der Türkei und Jugoslawien, Flüchtlingswellen im Balkankrieg nach Europa, Migration und ethnische Konflikte an den Randgebieten der ehemaligen Sowjetunion und Arbeitskräftemobilität innerhalb eines vereinten Europas sind die wichtigsten Themenfelder. Mit Rückblick auf die Herausforderungen der letzten 20 Jahre erkennt man viele Gemeinsamkeiten mit den heutigen Problemen. Die Frage stellt sich nun: Hat Europa etwas aus der jüngsten Geschichte gelernt?Mit Beiträgen von:Prof. William Bagatelas; Martin Baldwin-Edwards, Dr. Jens Becker, Ass.Prof. Dr. Biljana Čavkoska, PhD; Prof. Dr. Birsen Ersel; Evangelos Evangelou; Dr. Deniz Genc; Stella Georgieva; Ágnes Hárs, PhD; Susanne Huth; Violeta Ivanova; Prof. Dr. Marion Moehle; Giacomo Morabito, PhD; Angela Munteanu; Prof. Dr. Rossitsa Rangelova; Dr. Lela Rekhviashvili, PhD; Dr. Anna Rocheva; Viorel Rotilă, PhD; Stefano Ruvolo; Prof. Bruno Sergi; Arben Tabaku, MSc; Prof. Dr. Ilia Telo; Prof. Katia Vladimirova; Prof. Dr. Drenka Vuković; Dr. Chris F. Wright; Dr. Kerstin Zimmer, PhD.

1. Introduction Thomas Risse 1. - Part I. How to Grasp the Europeanization of Public Spheres: Theory, Methods, Empirics: 2. Theorizing communication flows within a European public sphere Barbara Pfetsch and Annett Heft 29. - 3. How advanced is the Europeanization of public spheres? Comparing German and European structures of political communication Ruud Koopmans 53. - 4. National media as transnational discourse arenas: the case of humanitarian military interventions Cathleen Kantner 84. - 5. European issue publics online: the cases of climate change and fair trade W. Lance Bennett, Sabine Lang and Alexandra Segerberg 108. - Part II. Consequences: Does the Europeanization of Public Spheres Matter?: 6. European public spheres, the politicization of EU affairs, and its consequences Thomas Risse 141. - 7. Media and identity: the paradox of legitimacy and the making of European citizens Sarah Harrison and Michael Bruter 165. - 8. The restructuring of political conflict in Europe and the politicization of European integration Edgar Grande and Hanspeter Kriesi 190. - Part III. Theoretical and Normative Implications: 9. Identity, Europe and the world beyond public spheres Jeffrey T. Checkel 227. - 10. Democracy, identity, and European public spheres Andreas Follesdal 247

Remy talks about Greater Europe, which is a continuity of historical and cultural values of the European continent stretching from Brest to Vladivostok; this continuity has brought together hundreds of nations of the Russian/Soviet world beyond the Urals; their common tongue makes them heirs to the common cultural heritage responsible for their identity. This is what makes the Kazakh and the Chinese Uyghurs different. Greater Europe is also a common marine space; global warming will probably open a sea route from Le Havre to the Pacific bypassing the Middle East. Adapted from the source document.

"An undergraduate textbook offering a comprehensive, up-to-date, and critical examination of the role that race plays in American politics. It shows students how to bring empirical analysis to bear on deeply divided topics and makes a sustained argument that racial considerations are central to understanding America's political system writ large"--

Festering for a long time now, the financial collapse being witnessed has proven more problematic than any crisis in the past. The global financial meltdown has affected and continues to affect the livelihood of almost everyone in an increasingly interconnected world. Institutions have collapsed, stock markets have plummeted and governments in even the wealthiest nations have been forced to bail out their financial systems. The author compares Finland's economic crisis of the 1990s with that which is sending countries into disarray on a worldwide level today and establishes the reasons and possible solutions for this recession. He notes how fiscal and monetary policy measures alone cannot build a bridge over this severe recession. Moreover, he concludes by stressing that this crisis must be addressed alongside and not to the exclusion of other problems, underlining the importance of strengthening supervisory frameworks at a global and, more precisely, at EU level.

The conversion of British trade unions to positive attitudes towards the European Community was a significant feature of British politics in the late 1980s. This article explains the origins of this policy shift and questions the received wisdom that short term opportunism was the primary motivating factor. The British trade union response to '1992' was far from uniform and distinct factions can be identified within a policy coalition. The reasons for the durability and cohesiveness of this coalition are discussed along with the general shifts in thinking on the British Left and the developments in European integration which explain the general change of attitudes.