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This dissertation is an archaeology of a neglected literary mode in England's post-Reformation literature. The georgic mode takes its name from Virgil's poem about agriculture. Unlike pastoral and other forms of nature writing that emphasize otium, recreation, and the distinction between nature and culture (a binary that appears in alternative forms such as country/city, science/politics, and wilderness/civilization), the georgic mode emphasizes the necessity of work in nature, and the mutual imbrication of the human and non-human world. The Protestant Reformation affirmed and worried over the value of labor, work, and action — the hierarchy of human activity that Hannah Arendt calls the vita activa. The troping of all activity as georgic activity is symptomatic of the pressures modernity put on the vita activa. Those pressures are due to several related early modern phenomena: 1) the Protestant Reformation, 2) the development of capitalism and the new professional opportunities it spawned, and 3) the invention of modern political forms, including the nation state, competing modes of parliamentary and monarchical rule, and nation-building through both Old- and New-World imperialism. The first three chapters explore georgic reformations of labor, work, and action through canonical Early Modern texts. Shakespeare's As You Like It, The Winter's Tale, and All's Well That Ends Well use the georgic mode to stage what Arendt calls the rise of the social by grafting private labor to political action. Shakespeare's Sonnets use the georgic mode to evaluate two competing career options – making a living as a playwright in a labor society or aspiring to be an artist ("the only 'worker' left in a laboring society," according to Arendt). The Faerie Queene and Paradise Lost dramatize the process by which epic action was transformed from an externally oriented category of public deeds to an inwardly oriented hermeneutic for navigating the fallen world. The fourth chapter explores how the georgic mode structured Early Modern world-making, and authorized colonial appropriation. The afterword considers how the georgic mode survives in current discourses of the Anthropocene, and considers what an active, georgic education might mean for the humanities in the twenty-first century.

In 2000, the English literature component was incorporated into the English language syllabus in Malaysian secondary schools. This program still attracts interesting discourse amongst researchers, educators, and policymakers. Determining an appropriate approach to the teaching of English literature is crucial in achieving positive literature learning outcomes. Therefore, this study aims to identify the most preferred approaches to the teaching of English literature in selected secondary schools in Terengganu, Malaysia. The study employed a descriptive survey method in which structured questionnaire was used as a data-gathering instrument. The data were gathered from a sample of 403 students across four different public secondary schools in Terengganu: SMK Kompleks Seberang Takir, SM Sains Sultan Mahmud, SMKA Dato Haji Abbas, and SMK Kompleks Gong Badak. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics via the SPSS statistical software package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA, 20.0). The study found that the moral-philosophical approach to the teaching of English literature is the most preferred approach amongst the students, followed by the information-based approach and the language-based approach. This shows that teachers of English literature incorporate moral values in their lessons. It is envisaged that the findings of this study could be especially useful in the process of curriculum development, particularly in the Malaysian context. Besides, this study could raise teachers' awareness of their students' preferences for literature teaching approaches

From the perspective of cultural ecology, this paper discusses the influence of enlightenment on English literature in the eighteenth century and analyzes the emotional expression in English literature in the 18th century.

AbstractMyiasis is an infection caused by the deposition of fly larvae in tissues, and its involvement in the human oral cavity is uncommon. Herein, we have performed a data analysis of published cases of oral myiasis. A search was performed in PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, Scopus, and LILACS. Geographic distribution, demographic data, associated factors, clinical features, fly types, treatment, and presence of sequelae were analyzed. A total of 122 articles reported the cases of 157 infected individuals. The most affected countries were India (41%) and Brazil (29.5%). Male predominance (67.5%) and a mean of 41.9 years of age were observed. The gingiva (29%) was the most affected site, followed by palate (25%) and lip (21%). There were different forms and combinations of treatments: manual removal of larvae and surgical debridement, application of asphyxiating substances, antibiotic therapy, and use of ivermectin. The condition predominantly affects individuals with neurological and/or locomotor disabilities, of low socioeconomic status, with poor oral hygiene and chemical dependence and individuals with previous injuries or with the absence of lip sealing. The establishment of a standard treatment protocol, enabling comparison in future studies and providing uniformity in treatment strategies offered by health services is strongly recommended.