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In today's world, state cooperation is carried out in almost all aspects of political, social and economic life. The interaction of States on high technologies in medicine is not something new and is carried out in a wide range of clinical areas. The cooperation of States in the field of organ donation and transplantation is not limited to the exchange of clinical experience between specialists from different countries or the provision of medical care in a particular case. On the one hand, this direction affects many aspects of social life of man, and needs special legal regulation. On the other hand, it is an effective organizational mechanism, the use of which by States can contribute to saving the lives and health of their own citizens through the inter-state exchange of donor organs. The most important goal of inter-state cooperation is to unite the efforts of the relevant state institutions and services to combat the illegal organ donation and transplantation tourism. ; В современном мире сотрудничество государств осуществляется практически по всем аспектам политической и социально-экономической жизни. Взаимодействие государств по вопросам высоких технологий в медицине не является чем-то новым и осуществляется по широкому спектру клинических направлений. Сотрудничество государств в области донорства органов и трансплантации не ограничивается обменом клиническим опытом между специалистами из разных стран или оказанием медицинской помощи в конкретном случае. С одной стороны, данное направление затрагивает многочисленные стороны социальной жизни человека и нуждается в особом нормативно-правовом регулировании. С другой стороны, является эффективным организационным механизмом, использование которого государствами может способствовать спасению жизни и здоровья собственных граждан посредством межгосударственного обмена донорскими органами. Важнейшей целью межгосударственного сотрудничества является объединение усилий соответствующих государственных институтов и служб по противодействию незаконному изъятию донорских органов и трансплантационному туризму.

International Financial Cooperation today may require a more complex preparation than ever, particularly in the era of globalization. It is known that the global economy may bring about changing socio-economic, cultural, technological, and political condition of many countries, whilst the globalization itself has often surpassed domestic circumstances among nations which consequently leads to the need of providing a more advance principles of international financial cooperation. Regardless to these changing circumstances, the international financial cooperation may differ in nature which relatively depends on the types and objectives of the international institution involved. On the other sides, the literatures on international policy coordination are vast and multifaceted (there is no one size fits for all). However, there are some basic conditions that can be shared in common. Based on the study of various literatures, it is found that the challenges of international financial cooperation today may encircle not only about the readiness of the nation states, institutions, and related projects in utilizing the international financial cooperation, but it may also include other variuos aspects such as an optimal structure of cooperation agreement, a pattern of compliance with cooperation agreements, principles for cross border cooperation on crisis management, sharing rules of the costs of future interventions, and perhaps specific issues and barriers. All of these challenges and barriers certainly need coordinated actions to ensure that the optimal objectives of the international financial cooperation are achieved. Thus, these pre-requisite conditions should be embraced in the more advance guiding principles of the international financial cooperation. As such, the relevant authorities, including supervisory agencies, central banks, and finance ministries will also be able to tackle a severe stress in case of sudden financial crisis and managing them successfully.

The length of the state border between China and Russia within the territory of the Far East Federal District is more than 4 thousand km. The border has various functions. The contact function of the border is to stimulate economic interactions between countries. The border regions of the two countries benefit from international trade. The contact function is characterised by the permeability of the border. The barrier function of the border is to limit interactions between countries. Restrictions on the free movement of goods, labour resources, tourist flows, and capital are applied. The purpose of the study is to assess the elements of the contact function of the state border between China and Russia. The subject is functioning of the border in the Far East Federal District. The study used methods of economic geography and regional economics. As a result, the indicators of the border permeability between the Russian Far East and China (physical permeability, the density of cross-border infrastructure) were calculated. The characteristics of institutional conditions, such as the speed of customs clearance and the use of digital technologies in paperwork are presented. The conclusion about the low permeability of the border between China and Russia in the territory of the Far East Federal District is made. The directions for increasing the contact function of the border are formulated. The research results can be used to develop directions for the improvement of cross-border relations between Russia and China

Policy action is visible in national and international climate governance. However, policy-making and its implementation often fail to generate the desired outcomes that aim to adapt to the adverse impact of climate change in a developing nation, such as Bangladesh—a country highly vulnerable to the impact of climate change. Against this backdrop, the study aims to analyze the implication of development cooperation and bureaucratic politics on the policy-making and implementation of climate change adaptation policy in Bangladesh. In doing so, the research uses national and international climate adaptation funds and the existing state administrative framework of the climate adaptation regime. Methodologically, it follows a mixed qualitative–quantitative research approach. The study discusses the following key findings: (1) the general cross-sectoral nature and thrusts of domestic and external climate adaptation funding; (2) how Bangladesh technical departments, such as that for water management, have reacted successfully to ensure the utilization of the funds is for implementing adaptation policy; (3) simultaneously, how Bangladesh bureaucracy, made of the elite, together with politics, have maintained their traditional values, practices, and structures in responding to the administrative requirements of climate adaptation funders, especially bilateral and multilateral development agencies, and (4) what changes should be brought to the bureaucratic cadre and added to the administrative setup in Bangladesh to provide a better overall impact of the adaptation policy and funding. ; Open-Access-Publikationsfonds 2020 ; peerReviewed

Policy action is visible in national and international climate governance. However, policy-making and its implementation often fail to generate the desired outcomes that aim to adapt to the adverse impact of climate change in a developing nation, such as Bangladesh—a country highly vulnerable to the impact of climate change. Against this backdrop, the study aims to analyze the implication of development cooperation and bureaucratic politics on the policy-making and implementation of climate change adaptation policy in Bangladesh. In doing so, the research uses national and international climate adaptation funds and the existing state administrative framework of the climate adaptation regime. Methodologically, it follows a mixed qualitative–quantitative research approach. The study discusses the following key findings: (1) the general cross-sectoral nature and thrusts of domestic and external climate adaptation funding; (2) how Bangladesh technical departments, such as that for water management, have reacted successfully to ensure the utilization of the funds is for implementing adaptation policy; (3) simultaneously, how Bangladesh bureaucracy, made of the elite, together with politics, have maintained their traditional values, practices, and structures in responding to the administrative requirements of climate adaptation funders, especially bilateral and multilateral development agencies, and (4) what changes should be brought to the bureaucratic cadre and added to the administrative setup in Bangladesh to provide a better overall impact of the adaptation policy and funding.

States interested in reducing the level of arms competition with a rival can employ a variety of strategies designed to promote cooperation. We examine the ability of three important strategies—unilateral action, tacit bargaining, and negotiation—to reduce the intensity of arms races motivated by different patterns of preferences and complicated by different sources of uncertainty. The latter include strategic misrepresentation, imperfect intelligence, problems of interpretation, and problems of control. Examples are drawn from 19th- and 20th-century arms races that did not result in war.

A number of factors hinder regional cooperation in Central Asia. They include multidirectional foreign policy priorities of the countries of the region and unresolved acute regional problems (territorial borders, water and energy, environmental, transport and communication, agricultural and food). The ruling elites of the countries of the region may fail to resist the temptation to channel population's dissatisfaction with the difficult socio-economic situation into the mainstream of interethnic and interstate conflicts. Therefore, there can be no question of Central Asian integration.

The economic impact of punitive US tariffs affect not only the aircraft industry, but also European family businesses: manufacturers of alcoholic beverages (e.g. spirits and wine producers) are the second most severely affected group. Confectionery manufacturers and the toolmaking industry have also suffered. Professor Gabriel Felbermayr, PhD, Head of the Kiel Institute for the World Economy, proposes a tariff agreement or at least the mutual offsetting of punitive tariffs between the United States and EU.

Summary: The paper uses the example of the Far East to consider the little-studied topic of participation of the Russian nature reserve in the implementation of international programs for environmental protection by the state. For the first time in historiography, special attention is paid to the activities of the Far Eastern reserve "Bolonsky" to preserve the world's biological resources. The objective of this study is to identify the place and role of the Far Eastern reserve in building a dialogue with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (APR) on the conservation of unique species of wildlife. The presented topic is considered based on the analysis of previously unpublished sources, which determines its scientific novelty. The authors conclude that Russia's close cooperation with other countries in developing and implementing joint agreements contributes not only to solving environmental problems, but also to establishing a constructive dialogue within the Asia-Pacific region as a whole.