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"Much has been written since the publication in 1990 of Esping-Andersen's The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism on the concept of welfare regime as an analytical tool to study social policy stability and change in Europe and beyond. As a concept, welfare regime emphasizes both stability over change and divergence between country clusters over convergence. Studying on concrete policy instruments rather than spending patterns and focusing on policies introduced to protect workers against the risk of unemployment and the loss of income, this chapter explores potential patterns of commonality and difference in the social policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in four distinct welfare regimes: the Bismarckian, the Nordic, the liberal, and the Southern European regimes. To add focus to our comparison, we focus on policies introduced to protect workers against the risk of unemployment or the loss of income as result of non-pharmaceutical interventions (lockdowns, school closures, etc.) to contain the spread of the virus. The emphasis of the analysis is on concrete policy instruments that have been expanded or even created to address the COVID-19 crisis with regard to employment and unemployment. Simultaneously, the analysis concentrates on national rather than subnational or supranational policies"--

Intro -- Vorwort -- Inhaltsverzeichnis -- Kapitel 1: Einleitung -- Kapitel 2: Grundlegung -- I. Das Phänomen -- 1. Gerichtliche Entscheidungen, die Kommunikation über Recht strukturieren -- 2. Bisherige Beschreibungsversuche -- II. Das Ziel -- 1. Begriff der Leitentscheidung -- 2. Leitentscheidungen im Unionsrecht -- 3. Kadi, eine Leitentscheidung? -- III. Die Perspektive -- 1. Die Zeit nach der Urteilsverkündung als Forschungsfokus -- 2. Lernen von der Kanonforschung -- 3. Rekonstruktion und Diskursanalyse -- Kapitel 3: Von der Entscheidung zur Leitentscheidung -- I. Eine Annäherung anhand von Marbury, Lüth und Van Gend & Loos -- 1. Drei Archetypen und ihre Anlassfälle -- 2. Gemeinsamkeiten -- a. Kontexte -- b. Verwendung -- c. Verwender -- 3. Fazit -- II. Einsichten aus Kultur- und Literaturwissenschaft -- 1. Orientierender Bestand Kanon -- 2. Entwicklungsprozess Kanonbildung -- III. Drei-Ebenen-Modell der Leitentscheidungsentwicklung -- 1. Kanonfunktion von Leitentscheidungen -- 2. Drei Ebenen -- a. Interpretenkollektiv -- b. Diskurs -- c. Mehrere Diskurse übergreifend -- 3. Faktoren des Entwicklungsprozesses -- a. Verunsicherte Selbstverständnisse -- b. Universalisierende Verwendung -- c. Schnittstellenakteure -- d. Merkmale der Entscheidung selbst -- IV. Fazit -- Kapitel 4: Rechtswissenschaft und Leitentscheidungen -- I. Der wissenschaftliche Diskurs zu Unionsrecht und Unionsgerichtsbarkeit -- 1. Das Setting -- 2. Konkurrierende disziplinäre Selbstverständnisse -- a. Völkerrechtliche und unionsrechtliche Konstitutionalisierung -- b. Pluralismus -- 3. Universalisierende Verwendung: Frequenz, Medien, Theorien, Rhetorik -- II. Entwicklung einer ambivalenten Leitentscheidung -- 1. Argumentationslinien unionsrechtlicher Konstitutionalisierung -- a. Grundlegung durch Schnittstellenakteure

The article is devoted to the investigation of current development of branch network of banks in Ukraine and European countries. The main reasons of decreasing of bank branches are determined. In general, they include banks` desire to reduce its costs and increase falling profits and the popularity of remote servicing provided for clients through the Internet. The author analyzes the situation with bank branches in some European countries including Ukraine. The analysis shows different tendencies: some countries show fast decreasing of bank branches (Greece, Spain, Italy, Ireland, Ukraine), in some countries banks don`t hasten to cut down their branch network (Great Britain, France, Germany), some banks open new branches (Czech Republic, Lithuania, Poland). The author formulates perspectives of development of branch network of European banks including Ukraine in the next years.

Healthcare has only slowly appeared on the European Union's (EU) policy agenda. EU involvement in policies concerning the organization, financing and the provision of diagnosis, care and cures to ill people developed along three fragmented tracks: (a) EU public health policies concerning the well-being of all people; (b) the application of the free movement principle to national healthcare systems in particular by the EU's Court of Justice (CJEU); and (c) the austerity packages and the stricter EU surveillance of national budgets since the debt crises. The key questions of this special issue are whether this fragmented EU involvement has now developed into a distinct European healthcare union, and if so what its driving forces have been. Thus, it explores how European integration in healthcare has moved forward despite widespread reluctance. It also examines the underexplored political dynamics and implementation of CJEU case law. The conclusion is that a fragile European healthcare union is emerging. A distinct area of EU health law has come into existence, whereas an institutional structure has given a voice to health expertise. A certain commonality in patients' rights has also emerged. The EU's budgetary surveillance deeply intrudes into healthcare policies, but here the involvement of health actors has remained limited. The European Commission and the CJEU have played an important role in the European integration of healthcare policies, but reluctance towards EU intrusion into national healthcare systems left an emphatic mark on CJEU case law, its codification in EU law and its implementation. Variants of the multiple streams approach appeared to be helpful to explain this evolution. ; Healthcare has only slowly appeared on the European Union's (EU) policy agenda. EU involvement in policies concerning the organization, financing and the provision of diagnosis, care and cures to ill people developed along three fragmented tracks: (a) EU public health policies concerning the well-being of all people; (b) the application of the free movement principle to national healthcare systems in particular by the EU's Court of Justice (CJEU); and (c) the austerity packages and the stricter EU surveillance of national budgets since the debt crises. The key questions of this special issue are whether this fragmented EU involvement has now developed into a distinct European healthcare union, and if so what its driving forces have been. Thus, it explores how European integration in healthcare has moved forward despite widespread reluctance. It also examines the underexplored political dynamics and implementation of CJEU case law. The conclusion is that a fragile European healthcare union is emerging. A distinct area of EU health law has come into existence, whereas an institutional structure has given a voice to health expertise. A certain commonality in patients' rights has also emerged. The EU's budgetary surveillance deeply intrudes into healthcare policies, but here the involvement of health actors has remained limited. The European Commission and the CJEU have played an important role in the European integration of healthcare policies, but reluctance towards EU intrusion into national healthcare systems left an emphatic mark on CJEU case law, its codification in EU law and its implementation. Variants of the multiple streams approach appeared to be helpful to explain this evolution.

States require money to function and therefore every government has to continuously raise new funds. On the financial markets, governments cannot be sure that auctions of their debt will be sufficiently attractive to financial investors, which is why governments usually enter into cooperative agreements with selected banks. The best known and most widespread form of cooperation is the primary dealer system. Primary dealers are banks that agree to participate regularly in government debt auctions and to act as formalized market makers on government debt markets. The article analyzes European primary dealer systems and asks why banks are willing to participate in these systems. I will show that both domestic and foreign banks use their status as primary dealers to build long-term relationships with one or more European governments and to gain an advantage on the global stage. In Bourdieu's terms, primary dealer banks use their financial capital to accumulate social and symbolic capital.