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SPIRITUALITY HAS ALWAYS BEEN AN IMPORTANT DIMENSION OF CULTURES AROUND THE WORLD. IN FACT, FOR MOST OF THE WORLD'S PEOPLES, RELIGION HELPS TO CONSTRUCT THE PUBLIC REALM. MOREOVER, AS THE AUTHORS OF THIS ARTICLE SUBSTANTIATE, SPIRITUALITY EMBODIED IN RELIGION HAS SERVED AS THE FOUNDATION FOR NATIONAL DIFFERENCES, RACIAL CONFLICTS, CLASS EXPLOITATION, AND GENDER DISCRIMINATION, ON THE ONE HAND, AS WELL AS FOR THE RESOLUTION AND THE ACHIEVEMNT OF FULL HUMANITY FOR THOSE AT THE BOTTOM OF ALL SOCIETIES, ON THE OTHER HAND. RELIGIOUS SPIRITUALITY REMAINS BOTH ENDEMIC TO CONTROVERSY AND EMPOWERING FOR SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION.

Incorporating philosophical, legal, historical, political, and sociological perspectives, this collection identifies the connections between religion and the state that are compatible with the liberal, republican, and democratic principles of constitutional democracy and assesses the success of their implementation in the birthplace of political secularism: the United States and Western Europe

It is quite likely that the origins of prayer are to be found in ancient mourning and bereavement rites. Primeval ritual prayer was codified and handed down socially to become a deep-rooted feature of people's cultural behavior, so much so, that it may surface again several years later, in the face of death, danger, need, even in the case of relapse from faith and religious practice. Modes of prayer depend on religious experience, on relations between personal prayer and political action, between prayer and forgiveness, and between prayer and approaches to religions. Various forms of prayer exist, from the covert-hidden to the overt-manifest kind. How can they be investigated? How can one, for instance, explore mental prayer? These issues regard the canon of diffused religion and, therefore, of diffused prayer.

"In den christlich geprägten Demokratien des Westens, aber keineswegs nur dort, sind die religionspolitischen Verhältnisse in Bewegung geraten. Sie sehen sich Forderungen nach einer Korrektur, Revision oder gar Neuverhandlung gegenüber. Davon sind nicht allein die Demokratien Europas mit ihren in der Regel hergebrachten asymmetrischen Religionsverfassungen betroffen, wo religiöse Minderheiten, vor allem Muslime, auf ihren Status als gleiche Bürger auch in der Religionsverfassung drängen. Denn auch das bislang in politischer Theorie wie Öffentlichkeit hegemoniale Prinzip einer strikten Trennung von Religion und Öffentlichkeit sieht sich in den Ländern, die es wie die USA, Frankreich oder die Türkei zur Grundlage ihrer Religionspolitik gemacht haben, der Kritik ausgesetzt. Auch in der politischen Theorie wächst die Zahl seiner Kritiker. Der Beitrag unterzieht einige der in jüngster Zeit als Reaktion auf diese Kritik vermehrt vorgebrachten neuerlichen liberalen Rechtfertigungen dieses Prinzips einer kritischen Überprüfung und skizziert die in der Debatte deutlich werdenden Konturen eines normativ überzeugenderen und politisch tragfähigeren Paradigmas für die Regelung des Verhältnisses von Religion und Politik, Staat und religiösen Institutionen in der religiös und kulturell pluralen Demokratie." (Autorenreferat)

Cours given at the summer session of the Institute of French Studies in NYU, branch of Paris.graduated level. From the successive cases of headscarf to Manif for all, religious issues occupy a central place in contemporary French political debates and contradict France's representations as a secular country where religion is completely relegated to the private sphere. This course will propose to revisit the specific features of political regulation of religion in France, as well as the idea of a 'return of religion' in France. It will address issues such as the visibility of religion in public spaces; the articulation between religious practice and political participation; the diversity of movements claiming secularism today; relations between state and religious leaders Catholic, Muslim and Jewish. ; Master ; Cours given at the summer session of the Institute of French Studies in NYU, branch of Paris.graduated level. From the successive cases of headscarf to Manif for all, religious issues occupy a central place in contemporary French political debates and contradict France's representations as a secular country where religion is completely relegated to the private sphere. This course will propose to revisit the specific features of political regulation of religion in France, as well as the idea of a 'return of religion' in France. It will address issues such as the visibility of religion in public spaces; the articulation between religious practice and political participation; the diversity of movements claiming secularism today; relations between state and religious leaders Catholic, Muslim and Jewish. ; Cours dispensé lors de la session d'été de l'Institute of French Studies à NYU, antenne de Paris.Niveau graduate. Depuis les successives affaires du foulard jusqu'à la Manif pour tous, les questions religieuses occupent une place centrale dans les débats politiques français contemporains et contredisent les représentations de la France comme un pays laïque où la religion serait totalement reléguée dans la ...