Search results

How do foreign fighters affect civilian victimization in the civil wars they join? Scholars of civil war have gone to great lengths to explain why states and insurgent groups victimize civilians, but they have not explicitly examined the impact of foreign combatants. Furthermore, while contemporary conventional wisdom attaches an overwhelmingly negative connotation to foreign fighters, history shows that the behavior of those who travel to fight in wars far from home varies significantly, especially when it comes to interacting with local populations. To address this variation, I demonstrate how differences in the embeddedness of foreign fighter populations combine with incentives that foreign fighters face to remain in the conflict zone over the long term to shape tendencies towards civilian victimization. My findings from an analysis of insurgent groups from 1990 to 2011 suggest that, overall, foreign fighters lead to escalations in violence against civilians. When comparing across groups that recruit foreign fighters, however, levels of violence differ depending on foreign fighter populations' coethnicity to the rebel groups they join, and the distances they travel to reach a conflict zone. Specifically, the presence of coethnic foreign fighters leads to fewer escalations in violence, relative to the recruitment of non-coethnic individuals from non-neighboring states. The study provides empirical support to the claim that degrees of embeddedness across foreign fighter populations are important indicators of when and where their presence is likely to pose significant dangers to local populations.

The article discloses the peculiarities of the Baroque Ukrainian chroniclers' vision of the Cossacks in response to the negative stereotypes formed by the Polish chroniclers. The authors of historiographic works at the end of the 17th – beginning of the 18th century (Samovydets, Hryhorii Hrabianka, Samiilo Velychko) argue in favor of the Cossacks being a special social and military (chivalrous) unit and interpret the Cossacks' liberation movement in order to give it a reasonable estimation. Free will, fairness, wisdom, courageousness, spiritual fullness and love for the others are at the core of Samovydets' conception. Samovydets considers the Cossacks' reaction to the enslavement in Ukraine as a key factor of their characterization. Relationships in the troops and lawlessness are depicted as negative traits of the Cossacks' collective image. In Hrabianka's works, the Cossacks appear to be an effective force distinguished by such features as labour, military bravery, love for the native land, passionarity, defence of rights, endurance and courageousness aimed at achieving the only goal – freedom. The author considers trustfulness and political shortsightedness to be their negative traits, which had led to serious historic failures. Samiilo Velychko represents the Cossacks as a powerful and effective social force characterized by initiative, determination, courageousness, ability to act dynamically and self-awareness as a significant political force capable of making a considerable impact on Ukraine's future. The attitude to Cossacks in the chronicle becomes of a specific Cossack-centric character.

Over the last two decades, the European Commission radically altered its attitude towards investment arbitration and became its fierce opponent. This article considers the history of this change, attempts to fathom the pragmatic thinking of the European policy-makers, and considers its wisdom. The article analyses legal instruments that allowed the EU to implement the reform, examines their compliance with the Washington Convention 1965 and the Energy Charter Treaty and considers their practical effects on investment in Europe. It makes use of the historical and comparative legal methodology and occasionally relies on statistical data. The reasons behind the EU policies might have included the global backlash against the current system, the dissatisfaction with the Member States being targeted as respondents, the aspirations to move the Union towards a more centralised federation, and possibly the populist motives. Having started with the intra-EU BITs, the EU authorities are now leading the way of the global reform of ISDS with the idea of permanent tribunals bearing a strong resemblance to the state judiciary. Many remain sceptical, and the initial economic effects were unfavourable. A surprising aspect was the role the CJEU had to play. It delivered a decisive blow to the existing system in alignment with the Commission's policies, but without openly admitting the motives behind its decisions, and relying instead on the principle of autonomy of the EU law.

This article aims to present the study to assess community needs towards ecotourism enterprise development, including capabilities development to value- added in community wisdom and the resources within the community to ecotourism enterprises in Nakhon Nayok Province. An approach of study introduces the concepts to relate ecotourism and need assessment which applies the process of lean for social impact or social change into the study. These began from survey overviews the target areas to determine hypothesizes, then finding the community behaviors according to hypothesis framework. A result of those led to a value proposition for determining the minimum viable product of activities responds to community needs. In order to test the community needs' behavior and therefor consider together with the various data. First, data from group conference of community representatives, community entrepreneurs, tourism agricultural entrepreneurs, and governmental officers. Second, data of activities in agriculture, community enterprises, ecotourism enterprises and enterprises that connected with those. Third, the data was feedback from the tourists in their area. Finding of this study can be creating the model of activities' output that leads to response to the development of what community needs and response to the strategic development of government. The government should pay more attention to promote and support as well as professional development that is interconnected both inside and outside community and should understand the real needs of community before implementing development policies.

Due to the climate change and global warming, the biodiversity database has gained the attention of the government. In line with the Indonesian Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (IBSAP), we have collected plants with insecticidal activity based on the local wisdom. This program aimed to protect Indonesian biodiversity from deforestation along with the loss of the number of species. This research's goal was to evaluate termiticidal and antifungal properties from some plant extracts collected from the Turgo forest area, Mt. Merapi National park, Java. Three potential plants were evaluated. Based on specimen identification, the three plant samples were Kina (Cinchona sp.), Kamadoh (Dendrocnide stimulans (L.f.) Chew), and Keremi (Homalanthus populneus (Geiseler) Pax). The phytochemical test showed that Kina contained alkoloid, falvonoid, saponin, and tannin, whereas Kamadoh and Keremi contained saponin and tanin, respectively. Overall, all plant extracts have the termiticidal activities and able to inhibit wood- decay fungi with the inhibition percentage around 60% - 100%. Leaf extracts of Kina (Cinchona sp) and Keremi (Homalanthus populneus (Geiseler) showed the highest activity as wood-decay fungi inhibitor. The disclosure of the potential of bioinsecticides from some plants originating from Mount Merapi is very important before being lost due to deforestation and the Mount Merapi disaster. Thus, the potential bioinsecticide in these plants can increase its economic value as a substitute for synthetic insecticides that are friendly to the environment.

The state recognizes and respects indigenous and tribal people and their traditional rights insofar as they are alive and in accordance with the development of society and the principles of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, as contained in Article 18 B paragraph 2 of the 1945 Constitution. However, the fulfillment of cultural identity and the rights of indigenous people have not been maximized. This study aims to find the conceptual model of the Customary Justice system in an effort to protect the existence of the rights of indigenous people to build the strength of civil society in West Sumatra. This research uses research and development methods. Data retrieval is done by survey, observation, interview, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) methods. This study found that; 1) Minangkabau people have their own local wisdom in resolving customary disputes, even for a broader range of life issues, long before Indonesia was found, 2) Nagari Customary Justice system is a translation of Customary Limbago which is the life philosophy of Minangkabau people, 3) Nagari Customary Judicial institutional structure is a representation of the existence of the tribe in the Nagari, so that its cultural legitimacy becomes strong. And, 4) the Nagari Customary Justice system is an effort to build the sovereignty of civil society, namely an autonomous, independent, egalitarian, and democratic society. It is hoped that the results of this study will be a guideline in establishing the Nagari Customary Justice institution in West Sumatra.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the tradition of communalization of pekulen land and the distribution of its use. Methodology: This research conducted with empirical legal research those locations in Pituruh Subdistrict, Purworejo Regency, Central Java with the socio-legal approach. Results: This research found that the communal mechanism for pekulen land was first developed by the Dutch colonial government by utilizing local customary law to guarantee the availability of labor and agricultural land for land taxes and cultuurstelsel. This model now transformed and has many benefits such distribute the right of land use, protecting the rights of landholders, guaranteeing the protection of land functions, maintaining the integrity of village communities, and so on. The implementation of communalization of pekulen land and distribution of its use is a mechanism of local wisdom that grows and develops by transforming the values of customary law in land regulation. Implications: This paper provides a new way of understanding the practice of communalization of land that initiated by the citizens. Pekulen land is a form of land rights originating from customary law which is owned by the village community who are given the right of use to members of the village community to be used for their personal interests. Thus, Land communalization is an alternative policy model that is applied to regulate land ownership in a more organized manner with a strong collectivity bond in a community.

AbstractAgrarian law policy is the direction of legal wisdom in the field of agrarian in the effort to maintain, preserve, designate, cultivate, benefit, manage and share the land and other natural resources contained therein for the benefit and welfare of the people, which is also contained in the concept of purpose land law. To prevent a dispute from happening, it is necessary to register the land. Starting from the description above, then the problem under study is whether the norm of Article 32 paragraph 2 Government Regulation No. 24/1997 has been fulfilled sense of justice, usability and legal protection? The research used is normative legal research, that is research that analyze written law. Keywords: legal norms, land registry, evidence AbstrakKebijakan hukum agraria merupakan arah kebijaksanaan hukum dalam bidang agraria dalam usaha memelihara, mengawetkan, memperuntukan, mengusahakan, mengambil manfaat, mengurus dan membagi tanah dan sumber daya alam lainnya yang terkandung di dalamnya untuk kepentingan dan kesejahteraan rakyat, yang hal ini juga terdapat dalam konsep tujuan hukum tanah. Untuk menjaga jangan sampai terjadi sengketa maka perlu diadakan pendaftaran tanah.Bertitik tolak dari uraian di atas, maka masalah yang diteliti adalah apakah norma Pasal 32 ayat 2 Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 24 Tahun 1997 tersebut telah terpenuhi rasa keadilan, kegunaan dan perlindungan hukum? Penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif, yaitu penelitian yang menganalisa hukum yang tertulis. Kata kunci: norma hukum, pendaftaran tanah, alat bukti

Abstract-The visual and non-visual advertisement is created to attract consumer's interest for the product, an important aspect to deliver the message is by advertising and branding the product with local wisdom and culture. As it deilivered clearly, informative and communicative it will be a solution of global market, recently the consumers are not dirrectly attracted to advertisement because the advertisement can't transfer the message naturally. This article is qualitative research, it describes the phenomena of Coca cola branding on TV, Net. The strategy is the key success of marketting to achieve the profit and bring the messages delivered. The global branding delivered by Coca cola opens insight of strategy to grasp the prospective consumers. The topic of the recent video advertisement on TV, Net called open happiness.This strategy is created to fasten the effect of advertisement for consumers, positive response to buy the product. However there is a challenge to opt the right culture for branding the product. It has great success because it uses both methods of marketing textual and graphic. Those two reflect on political and cultural aspects of targetted language. This is done to attract the consumers topurchase the products and gain the maximum benefits. Benefits of capital and trust. Ads on TV, Net with the topic open happiness uses both textual and graphic.Keyword : advertisement, audio visual translation, branding, deliver.

Cepek, Michael. 2018. Life in Oil: Cofán
Survival in the Petroleum Fields of Amazonia.
Austin: University of Texas Press. 302 pp. ISBN
978-1477315088.Choné, Aurélie, Isabelle Hajek, and Philippe
Hamman, eds. 2017. Rethinking Nature:
Challenging Disciplinary Boundaries.
Abingdon; New York: Routledge. xiv + 268 pp.
(Paperback) ISBN 978-1-138-21493-4.Davis, Diana K. 2016. The Arid Lands: History,
Power, Knowledge. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
271 pp. ISBN 978-0262034524.Gissibl, Berhard. 2016. The Nature of German
Imperialism: Conservation and the
Politics of Wildlife in Colonial East Africa.
New York: Berghahn Books, 2016. 374 pp.
ISBN 978-1-78533-175-6.Ives, Sarah. 2017. Steeped in Heritage:
The Racial Politics of South African Rooibos
Tea. NC: Duke University Press. 272 pp. ISBN
978-0-8223-6986-8.Martínez-Reyes, José. Moral Ecology of a
Forest: The Nature Industry and Maya
Post-Conservation. Tucson: University of Arizona
Press. 216 pp. ISBN 978-0816531370.Powell, Dana E. 2017. Landscapes of Power:
Politics of Energy in the Navajo Nation.
Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 336 pp.
ISBN 978-0822369943.Raygorodetsky, Gleb. 2017. The Archipelago of
Hope: Wisdom and Resilience from the Edge
of Climate Change. New York: Pegasus Books.
336 pp. ISBN: 978-1681775326.Wright, Christopher, and Daniel Nyberg. 2015.
Climate Change, Capitalism, and Corporations:
Processes of Creative Self-Destruction.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 254
pp. ISBN 978-1107435131.

Oral narratives are the earliest forms of storytelling as they exist in every culture as a part of religious rituals, folk music and songs. They include ritual texts, curative chants, epic poems, musical genres, folk tales, creation stories, songs, myths, spells, legends, proverbs, riddles, tongue twisters, word games, recitations and other narratives not recorded in writing. With the invention of writing, the ancient forms of oral narratives have undergone a lot of changes and have become valuable works of literature. However, the charm of oral narratives often told by improvisation and even gestures as a part of tradition cannot be transcribed into literature. As oral stories are brought down from generation to generation and are committed only to the memory, the various stages of the growth of such narratives give an account of the culture of the people. These are the sources of popular entertainment and are closely associated with festivals and religious ceremonies. At present, our society feels the need to safeguard and protect these indigenous forms of arts from the danger of extinction due to the impacts of globalisation and commercial entertainments. The exploration of the meanings and themes of ancient narratives, in a broader social context, and the significant role of the variant folklore genres in maintaining collective wisdom, national identity, solidarity and traditional moral values are points of great concern in this study.

Do alliances curb efforts by states to develop nuclear weapons? Atomic Assurance looks at what makes alliances sufficiently credible to prevent nuclear proliferation; how alliances can break down and so encourage nuclear proliferation; and whether security guarantors like the United States can use alliance ties to end the nuclear efforts of their allies. Alexander Lanoszka finds that military alliances are less useful in preventing allies from acquiring nuclear weapons than conventional wisdom suggests. Through intensive case studies of West Germany, Japan, and South Korea, as well as a series of smaller cases on Great Britain, France, Norway, Australia, and Taiwan, Atomic Assurance shows that it is easier to prevent an ally from initiating a nuclear program than to stop an ally that has already started one; in-theater conventional forces are crucial in making American nuclear guarantees credible; the American coercion of allies who started, or were tempted to start, a nuclear weapons program has played less of a role in forestalling nuclear proliferation than analysts have assumed; and the economic or technological reliance of a security-dependent ally on the United States works better to reverse or to halt that ally's nuclear bid than anything else. Crossing diplomatic history, international relations, foreign policy, grand strategy, and nuclear strategy, Lanoszka's book reworks our understanding of the power and importance of alliances in stopping nuclear proliferation.

While competition is good for consumers and economies, competition rules alone cannot necessarily produce adequate outcomes for all circumstances. Other norms, particularly regulatory norms, are also often likely to be relevant. The current legal and policy debates about 'disruptive innovation' highlight the need for a healthy mixture of competition and regulation. This paper offers a series of reflections arising from the challenges posed by disruptive products, services and business models. These reflections cover matters such as the capacity of legal procedures to keep pace with rapidly changing market environments. Competition advocacy can help regulators decide controversial points. The paper discusses several sectors, such as the car-riding and overnight sleeping sectors, in which different interests must simultaneously be accommodated within the boundaries of national tradition and European Union law. As discussed, some of these matters have now been adjudicated by the EU Courts. The related subjects of the acquisition of data as well as the requirements of privacy and data protection principles are also considered. The paper reflects on the role of network effects and on the difficult choices to be made with regard to the wisdom of relying on competition law or on the nature of innovation itself to deliver appropriate responses to the growth of network-based economic power; and the paper notes but does not suggest a remedy for the problem of delay as inimical to effective judicial review.

Abstract: The national development scenarios which tend to focus on the economic interest, especially in the raw material manufacturing and high technology industries, caused the agricultural sector as the neglected raw material.Accelerating development through industrial development scenarios without strengthening the agricultural sector is easily slumped and difficult to recover. The problems that arise are the increasing demand for food due to the increase of population, the narrowing of agricultural land ownership due to land conversion, and the processing of land that is not environmentally knowledgeable. Development of agricultural sector should be integrative through empowerment, agrarian reform, and food sovereignty agenda in the framework of spatial structuring of rural areas based on the protection of sustainable agricultural land. This agricultural development agenda contains the meaning that government regulates the policies to protect the independence of individuals and communities that have local wisdom to rebuild food selfsufficiencyand sovereignty, so that national development leads to the welfare of society as a whole. The need for harmonization of the regulation is done by integrating the necessity of sustainable agricultural landprotection, the protection and empowerment of farmers, the agenda of food sovereignty into integrated spatial arrangement planning, finally the land needs are met and the farms become sustainable, independent and prosperous farmers, national food needs are met and Indonesia is a sovereign food country.Keywords: harmonization, spatial arrangement, protection of sustaibaility

Political autonomy law of village is very varied because the arrangement of village in UUD 1945 is very briefly, featuring multiple interpretations, so that the organic regulations are always change appropriate with the taste of the rulers. By the amendment of UUD 1945, provisions on the village changed so that the village can adjust to the conditions of rural communities. The presence of Law Number 6 of 2014 about village gives new expectation to reposition the village on the first position, although there is pessimistic associated local wisdom that has been destroyed. Based on that background raised issues such as the following : How is the position of the village in order UUD 1945 and its amendment? How is format of village autonomy according to law Legal Number 6 of 2014? To answer these problems, doing research using normative method, which researching secondary data with the legal approach, then analyzed using analytical juridical method. Based on the results of research, rural arrangement in UUD 1945 after the amendment provides an opportunity to adjust to the conditions of each village. The presence of Legal Number 6 of 2014, gives a new format to the standing of village so the village is no longer be a sub-system of local government. However the village serves as an autonomous region based on the principles recognition and subsidiarity with the appropriate form of options provided by UUD NRI of 1945. Keywords: Format, Autonomy, Village.