Search results

Over the past decade, there has been a new "decolonial turn," albeit less related than before to land and political independence. "To decolonize" is now associated with something less tangible and often under-defined. We argue that scholars, especially Western ones, should avoid depoliticizing the expression "decolonizing" by using it as a buzzword. Scholars and policymakers should use the expression only if it is closely related to the political meaning ascribed to it by Global South and Indigenous activists and scholars. Decoloniality is a political project of human emancipation through collective struggles, entailing at least the following: 1) abolishing racial hierarchies within the hetero-patriarchal and capitalist world order, 2) dismantling the geopolitics of knowledge production, and 3) rehumanizing our relationships with Others and nature. We conclude that there is a need for epistemic humility and that Western scholars and institutions must refrain from using the word too freely.

. The article analyzes the development and active implementation of Pakistan's policy of internationalization of the Afghan issue since the outbreak of the armed conflict in Afghanistan in the late 1970s. The author proves that the Afghan conflict has always been one of the pivotal factors for Pakistan in building its relations with the international community. In order to receive significant amounts of financial and military assistance, Pakistan sought to position itself as a frontline state. Since the late 2000s Pakistan has instrumentalized the Afghan issue to diversify its international relations searching for partners from the neighboring regions as a counterweight to the USA. The author examines the features and effectiveness of Pakistan's participation in various multilateral forums concerning the Afghan issue to some extent. The article emphasizes the essential infrastructure projects that will connect South and Central Asia, as well as potentially have a positive impact on the Pakistani economy. The article especially focuses on the Afghan issue as a part of Pakistan's foreign policy strategy since the Taliban's coming to power in Afghanistan in 2021. In this regard, Pakistan's key strategic documents, statements by Pakistani officials, and international community's expectations from the Pakistani authorities are analyzed. Based on this, it is predicted that Pakistan has to harmonize its position with the global and regional powers for a number of reasons and does not appear to be the first to recognize the Taliban government of Afghanistan. The author comes to the conclusion that Pakistan's correct approach towards the Afghan issue will contribute to its rise, above all, in the regional subsystem of international relations as a constructive actor and boost its socio-economic development.

The traditionally emergence of differences among people, common and perhaps it was natural and it is not usually considered in relations between individuals does not seem far-fetched idea origination dispute. With the growing human population and the natural growth of business and trade transactions between them and the complexity of certain fields of these transactions disputes arising from them, more and more widespread and sometimes even has been specialized. It went to the point in one of the last two centuries, several laws passed by the government to resolve the current dispute and with forming the courts for a variety of dispute resolution between individuals, many branches of the courtsdedicated to legal and commercial affairs and handle their disputes.All countries dispute arises between individuals were appointed to the courts; although this is associated with the severity and weaknesses in different countries and legal systems. Some with creates parallel institutions for the courts try to reduce congestion in the courts claimsand others by creating a concentration of executive power in the courts were concerned their main effort in resolving disputes before the court. Except for the courts in recent centuries in most societies with little differences in the shape and nature of the investigation into the allegations were established, in the last century, another institution for dispute between individualswas createdin many countries and within their judicial system that was called judgment. This reference formed in subsets of international organizations was created to resolve international disputes that generally was concerned in the international trade disputes between natural or legal persons. This is in a series of international law, in the form of legislation and judicial procedures that in this study we analyzed it.

pt. 1. Taking stock of human rights within criminology -- pt. 2. Law, regulation and governance through a human rights lens -- pt. 3. Human rights in the promotion of peace, community safety and social justice -- pt. 4. Policing and human rights -- pt. 5. Human rights and the justice process -- pt. 6. Human rights and penality.