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The purpose of the article is to analyze doctrinal ideas about the nature of human rights, which promoted the idea of the principled unity of rights reflected in international legal provisions, that are strengthening the normative and institutional guarantees of judicial protection of social rights, as well as identifying problematic aspects of the justiciability of such rights is within the focus of the paper. The methodological basis of the research is the general scientific dialectical method of learning social phenomena in their interconnection and development. The formation of guarantees of social rights enshrined in international legal acts, the development of human rights ideology, legally expressed in the principle of the principle of unity of all rights, and judicial protection problematic are studied. It has been proved that the consequence of the international consensus that all human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent, interrelated, and complementary was the shift of emphasis from discussions about the nature of rights to the types of correlative obligations of the state, aiming at strengthening the guarantees of social rights. It is noted that conventional understanding of the fundamentals of all rights integrates the issue of social rights into the discussions of human dignity, individual autonomy and freedom, which are traditional for civil and political rights. It is concluded that recognition of the principled unity and equal importance of rights transfers the discussion about justiciability of social rights from the presence or absence of sufficient grounds for judicial protection to proper and effective means of dispute resolution. It is stated that effectiveness of the national judiciary as an element of the system of guarantees depends on the ability to provide protection against the devaluation of social rights and the emasculation of their essential content by public regulatory decisions. It is also emphasized that judicious balancing of private and public interests in accordance with correlative positive obligations supports confidence in the judiciary in particular and the state in general.

Extrait de la Revue générale de droit international public, mars-avril 1907. ; Cover-title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Maritime conflict management is the regulation of conflict in relation to the sea. It comprises conflict enforcement, conflict resolution and conflict avoidance. How did victims of maritime conflicts claim and obtain damages or demand compensation or reparation? The papers in this issue, aim to shed light on this question from two distinct yet related perspectives: that of the aggressor and the victim on the one hand, and that of the political entities to which they belonged on the other. The articles, covering seven centuries, unveil connections and entanglements between private parties and public authorities, demonstrating the importance of both for the development of maritime conflict management. Taken together these contributions provide evidence for the gradual development of maritime conflict management, diplomacy and norms for international law.

A first-generation of feminist scholarship on international relations challenged the implicitly gendered foundations of mainstream IR, including its masculine conceptual bias and state-centricity and the reliance on positivist ways of knowing. These feminist theoretical challenges cleared the path for new thinking and for the development of distinctly gendered approaches to international relations. A second generation of feminist IR scholarship is now emerging, in which empirical research is strengthening and expanding on those earlier theoretical advances. Here, I explore these second-generation efforts to combine gendered theory with close empirical study of global/local processes. These efforts offer a number of lessons for how we might conduct our future scholarship. By showing—not telling—how gender is relevant to global politics, the insights from these studies can build upon one another in impressive ways. As such, they promise to speak to major concerns of feminist and 'mainstream' IR scholars alike.

There appear to be few ways available to improve the prospects for international cooperation to address the threat of global warming within the very short time frame for action. I argue that the most effective and plausible way to break the ongoing pattern of delay in the international climate regime is for economically powerful states to take the lead domestically and demonstrate that economic welfare is compatible with rapidly decreasing GHG emissions. However, the costs and risks of acting first can be very large. This raises the question of whether it is fair to expect some states to go far ahead of others in an effort to improve the conditions for cooperation. I argue that a costly obligation to act unilaterally and to accept weak initial reciprocity can be justified and does not violate standards of fair burden sharing. Rather, the costs of creating the underlying conditions within which we can hope to achieve meaningful international cooperation are non-ideal burdens for which we can appropriately assign fair shares. Adapted from the source document.

Pascal C. van Overloop stellt ein Modell zur Erklärung der Internationalisierung professioneller Fußballclubs vor, bei dem er im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Ansätzen eine ganzheitliche, strategische Perspektive wählt und daher auch langfristige Entwicklungen sowie behavioristische Faktoren integriert. Dazu beschreibt, analysiert und systematisiert der Autor bestehende Ansätze aus Theorie und Praxis und überprüft das Erklärungsmodell empirisch. Er verknüpft somit die Grundlagen des Internationalen Managements mit den Besonderheiten des Sportmanagements. Der Inhalt Management professioneller Fußballclubs Forschungsstand zur Internationalisierung Erklärungsmodell der Internationalisierung von Fußballclubs Fallbeispiele Die Zielgruppen Dozenten und Studenten der Wirtschaftswissenschaften und Sportökonomie mit den Schwerpunkten Internationales Management, Unternehmensführung und Marketing Sportmanager und Entscheidungsträger in Sportclubs und -verbänden, im Sponsoring sowie bei Sportdienstleistern, Sportartikelherstellern und Medienunternehmen Der Autor Dr. Pascal C. van Overloop beschäftigt sich als Programm-Manager und Berater mit Praxisfragen des Strategischen Marketings, des Innovations- und Technologiemanagements sowie der Anwendung wissenschaftlicher Analysemethoden. Neben diversen Fachveröffentlichungen gibt er seine Kenntnisse auch als Lehrbeauftragter und Gastdozent weiter.

Several developments in international trade in services impact strongly on developing countries: First, the world-wide diffusion of information technologies (IT) has created new export opportunities for developing countries in IT services. Second, the recently proclaimed Millennium Development Goals for poverty reduction can only be attained if key services are provided more efficiently in developing countries - particularly through the liberalization of service imports. Third, in the ongoing Doha Development Round (DR) of trade negotiations, developing countries are asked to formally commit to liberalizing their service imports under the terms of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Developing countries will benefit from liberalizing service imports if liberalization enhances competition on the supply side. This is typically the case for producer services, such as domestic and international transport, financial services, and telecommunications. The lifting of restrictions on the market access by foreigners (including through direct investment) will often improve service quality or lower prices and thereby enhance the international competitiveness of downstream industries. In Doha Development Round negotiations, therefore, developing countries may find it useful to commit to liberalizing imports of producer services. By contrast, the benefits of import liberalization are less clear for some consumer services where supply is subject to network monopolies (e.g., water and energy distribution) or demand is constrained by poverty (health care, education). Here, achieving a socially optimal level of supply may require carefully calibrated government policies, possibly with international donor support. For developing countries, such sectors should not be priority areas for commitments on service imports under the GATS. Most service exports by developing countries, especially IT services transmitted electronically, face few import barriers in industrialized countries. However, under the GATS, service exports may also be delivered through temporary movement of natural persons, e.g., developing country nationals working in industrialized countries without becoming residents there. If Doha Development Round negotiations were to increase opportunities for such temporary labor migration, the benefits to developing countries could be huge.

1. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), founded in Geneva in 1863 and formally recognized in the Geneva Conventions and by International Conferences of the Red Cross, shall be an independent organization having its own Statutes.

Preliminary Material -- The Intricacies of Implementing International Law: A Juxtaposition of Theories with the Actualities of the Sino-British Joint Declaration Regarding the Future of Hong Kong /Roda Mushkat -- The "Duty" to Co-Operate for States Bordering Enclosed or Semi-Enclosed Seas /Erik Franckx and Marco Benatar -- Countering Terrorism and Protecting Human Rights: An Asian International Legal Dimension /Irena Ilieva -- The Delineation of Treaty-Making Powers between the Central Government of the People's Republic of China and the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong /Björn Ahl -- States, Governments, and Collective Recognition /Jure Vidmar -- Do Jus Cogens Norms Invalidate State Immunity? International Restorative Justice and Japanese War Compensation Cases /Yamashita Tomoko -- The Prospects for the Sino-Philippine Arbitration on the South China Sea (U-Shaped Line) Dispute /Michael Sheng-ti Gau -- Contemporary Practice and Judicial Decisions of the Republic of China (Taiwan) Relating to International Law, 2013 /Chun-i Chen , Pasha L. Hsieh , Pei-Lun Tsai , Chun-Liang Lai , I-Hon Hsiao , Kai-Chih Chang and with the Assistance of Lee and Li Attorneys-at-Law -- Treaties/Agreements and Official, Semi-Official or Unofficial Agreements Concluded by the Republic of China (Taiwan) with other Countries in 2013 /Chun-i Chen , Pasha L. Hsieh and Pei-Lun Tsai -- Table of Cases -- Index -- Guidelines for Submissions to the Chinese (Taiwan) Yearbook of International Law and Affairs.