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Recognition of the influence of soc & cultural factors in disease goes back to antiquity, though specification of the ways in which this influence is exerted still lacks precision. The effects of the soc order on health & disease are many & varied. Soc definitions determine the actions which persons & societies take in the face of given symptoms 9L disorders. Soc practices may exert their effects directly on the organism & its physical capacities or may operate priniarily through psychol'al processes which are linked to the maintenance of bodily equilibriums. In either instance, these effects tend to be nonspecific as to disease. SS, variations in life styles, adaptation to new or stressful situations work group structure, & fam patterns have been found to be associated with diff's in the incidence of a variety of diseases. The intricacies of dealing with soc factors in disease & the ramifications for the larger society are plainly seen in the case of smoking. AA.

"This book provides relevant theoretical frameworks and the latest empirical research findings in the area of information visualization. It explores the application of Infovis in humanity and social sciences. It covers topics such as visual scientometrics, visual sociology, and neuroscience"--

Les auteurs de cet ouvrage mettent en lumière, de façon simplifiée et synthétisée, l'intérêt théorique et empirique du concept d'innovation sociale en l'utilisant comme principe fondateur de l'action stratégique du développement territorial, des politiques publiques locales et régionales, ainsi que des transformations des structures et de la gouvernance des communautés locales

The purpose of this paper is to review the institution responsible for the protection of personal data within the European Union and national example - Polish as a country representing the new Member States. The analysis of institutional system - providing legal security of communication and information institutions, companies and citizens against the dangers arising from the ongoing development of innovative new technologies in the European Union and Poland. This article is an attempt to analyze the possibility of using security systems and Biometry CTTV in Poland in terms of legislation. The results of the analysis indicate that, in terms of institutions Poland did not do badly in relation to the risks arising from the implementation of technology. The situation is not as good when it comes to the awareness of citizens and small businesses. This requires that facilitate greater access to free security software companies from data leakage or uncontrolled cyber-terrorist attacks. With regard to the use of security systems, CCTV and biometrics, Poland in legal terms is still early in the process of adapting to EU Directive. The continuous development of technology should force the legislature to establish clear standards and regulations for the application of CCTV technology and biometrics, as it is of great importance in ensuring the fundamental rights and freedoms of every citizen of the Polish Republic. ; Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przegląd instytucji odpowiadających za ochronę danych osobowych na poziomie Unii Europejskiej oraz na przykładzie narodowym – Polski jako kraju reprezentującego nowe państwa członkowskie. Przedmiotem analizy jest system instytucjonalno – prawny zapewniający bezpieczeństwo komunikacyjne oraz informacyjne instytucji, przedsiębiorstw jak i obywateli przed zagrożeniami wynikającymi z innowacyjnych rozwiązań postępującego rozwoju nowych technologii zarówno w Unii Europejskiej jak i w Polsce. Poniższy artykuł jest również próbą analizy możliwości stosowania systemów zabezpieczeń CTTV oraz Biometrii w Polsce w ujęciu prawnym. Wyniki analizy wskazują, że pod względem instytucji Polska nie wypada źle w odniesieniu do zagrożeń wynikających z wdrożenia technologii. Sytuacja nie jest tak dobra, jeśli chodzi o świadomość obywateli i mniejszych firm. Wymaga to ułatwiania szerszego dostępu do darmowych programów zabezpieczających firmy przed wyciekiem danych lub niekontrolowanych cyber-ataków terrorystycznych. W odniesieniu do stosowania systemów zabezpieczeń CCTV oraz biometrii, Polska pod względem prawnym jest wciąż na początku procesu dostosowania do dyrektywy UE. Ciągły rozwój technologii powinien zmusić ustawodawcę do stworzenia jednoznacznych standardów i przepisów obowiązujących w zakresie stosowania technologii CCTV oraz biometrii, gdyż ma to ogromne znaczenie w zapewnieniu podstawowych praw i wolności każdego obywatela Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej.

The purpose of this paper is to review the institution responsible for the protection of personal data within the European Union and national example - Polish as a country representing the new Member States. The analysis of institutional system - providing legal security of communication and information institutions, companies and citizens against the dangers arising from the ongoing development of innovative new technologies in the European Union and Poland. This article is an attempt to analyze the possibility of using security systems and Biometry CTTV in Poland in terms of legislation. The results of the analysis indicate that, in terms of institutions Poland did not do badly in relation to the risks arising from the implementation of technology. The situation is not as good when it comes to the awareness of citizens and small businesses. This requires that facilitate greater access to free security software companies from data leakage or uncontrolled cyber-terrorist attacks. With regard to the use of security systems, CCTV and biometrics, Poland in legal terms is still early in the process of adapting to EU Directive. The continuous development of technology should force the legislature to establish clear standards and regulations for the application of CCTV technology and biometrics, as it is of great importance in ensuring the fundamental rights and freedoms of every citizen of the Polish Republic. ; Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przegląd instytucji odpowiadających za ochronę danych osobowych na poziomie Unii Europejskiej oraz na przykładzie narodowym - Polski jako kraju reprezentującego nowe państwa członkowskie. Przedmiotem analizy jest system instytucjonalno - prawny zapewniający bezpieczeństwo komunikacyjne oraz informacyjne instytucji, przedsiębiorstw jak i obywateli przed zagrożeniami wynikającymi z innowacyjnych rozwiązań postępującego rozwoju nowych technologii zarówno w Unii Europejskiej jak i w Polsce. Poniższy artykuł jest również próbą analizy możliwości stosowania ...

It is a well-known fact that the so called "white collar crimes" now implies a wide variety of offenses (including bribery) that can affect the lives of more individuals than the "classic" crimes. An analysis of corruption necessarily implies an interdisciplinary approach, as it has multiple facets: social, political, economic and juridical. The New Criminal Code of Romania (NCC) has brought a series of important changes, compared to the previous regulation. All forms of corruption involve an abusive use of power (public or private), for a personal gain, occurring regardless of the form of government or historical period.

In the last few years, especially after the Brexit referendum and the 2016 U.S. elections, there has been a surge in academic interest for misinformation and disinformation. Social, cognitive, and political scientists' work on these phenomena has focused on two main aspects: - Individuals' (and by extension societies') vulnerability to misinformation; - Factors and interventions that can increase individuals' (and societies') resistance to misinformation. In this article, we offer a critical review of the psychological research pertaining to these two aspects. Drawing on this review, we highlight an emerging tension in the relevant literature. Indeed, the current state of the art of the political misinformation literature reflects the combined operation of two opposing psychological constructs: excess gullibility on the one hand and excess vigilance on the other. We argue that this conceptualization is important in both advancing theories of individuals' and societies' vulnerability to misinformation and in designing prospective research programs. We conclude with proposing what, in our view, are the most promising avenues for future research in the field.