Res on the Negro in the US began before the Civil War as a consequence of the debates on slavery. After emancipation,& continuing until after WWI,innate capabilities of the Negro became the center of res interest. Interest gradually shifted to studies of att's. The new role of world leadership forced on the US resulted in a deepened concern for res on the strategy of soc action related to the diminution of discrimination. Since 1947 action-res has investigated segregation-integration in the armed forces, in industry, & in the public Sch's of the South. As a consequence of its experience with soc sci res during WWII, the US gov in 1951 contracted for a study to investigate the effects of desegregation in the armed forces. The outcome was the carrying out to completion of such a policy. Since WWII various groups including the gov, labor unions, & U's, have sponsored res integration in industry & commerce. One of the most signif publications in this regard is the book by Eli Ginsburg, THE NEGRO POTENTIAL (Columbia U, 1956). The trend in res in housing has been away from questions of the origins of ghettoes & toward studies of residential desegregation. Among signif recent studies are those carried out at New York U & the U of Chicago. There has been little material published outside the South on the overshadowing issue of Sch desegregation. An interest has developed in redefining the issue to aid in the development of a general soc sci theory. Another tendency has been that of dealing with the Negro-white relations as that of a special instance of a more general problem of intergroup relations. There has been much res on how educ'al, religious, & other agencies can originate & support changes in the structure of intergroup relations. Various agencies of this type have begun to use the 'self-survey' as a technique for fact finding in this area. Of 307 PhD dissertations in sociol in 1955 & 1957, 17 dealt with the Negro or general race relations. About 33% of these dealt with the status system of the Negro community. Of the 63 journal articles published between 1952 & 1956, the greatest number was devoted to studies of racial att's & studies with a soc action orientation. There were only 2 important articles attempting to reappraise concepts, methodology, & the general theory of race relations. Americans are beginning to view the Negro as a person rather than a `problem'. B. J. Keeley.
In der Arbeit wird untersucht, welchen Beitrag Schulen dazu leisten können, dass Schülerinnen und Schüler zur Teilhabe an der Demokratie befähigt werden. Ausgangspunkt ist die Feststellung, dass sich die öffentliche Wahrnehmung der Qualität von Schule in den vergangenen Jahren zunehmend darauf ausrichtet, welche Leistung Schülerinnen und Schüler erbringen. Nicht(fach)leistungsbezogene Kriterien, die ebenfalls ein normativ begründbares und einzuforderndes Ergebnis von institutionellen Beschulungsprozessen sind, werden dagegen in der politischen, wissenschaftlichen und medialen Auseinandersetzung weit weniger reflektiert. Hierbei wird jedoch übersehen, dass der Schule nicht nur die Aufgabe der Wissensvermittlung zukommt, sondern auch der Auftrag zur umfassenden Persönlichkeitsbildung von Schülerinnen und Schülern. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird das Konstrukt demokratischer Handlungskompetenzen als Ergebnis schulischer Erziehungs- und Sozialisationseffekte auf der Grundlage demokratie- und kompetenztheoretischer Überlegungen begrifflich-konzeptuell entfaltet. Als Facetten dieses mehrdimensionalen Konstrukts werden beispielsweise das politische Wissen und Interesse, die Überzeugung, politisch kompetent zu sein, die Bereitschaft zu politischem Diskurs, zu gezielter Informationssuche und zu gesellschaftlicher Verantwortungsübernahme einbezogen. Es wird postuliert, dass eine spezifische Verfasstheit der Schule, die als demokratische Schulkultur organisations- und schulqualitätstheoretisch konzeptualisiert wird, dem Erwerb solcher Kompetenzen förderlich ist. Auf der Grundlage einer Interviewstudie wird zunächst qualitativ untersucht, welche Konzeptionen des zentralen Konstrukts demokratischer Schulkultur bei den an Schule Beteiligten vorherrschen und wie sich der demokratische Auftrag der Schule im konkreten schulischen Geschehen niederschlägt. Es kann aufgezeigt werden, dass demokratiespezifische Bezüge – Notwendigkeit zum pluralistischen Diskurs, Fördern von Mündigkeit, kritische Reflexion bestehender Verhältnisse – bedeutend seltener vorzufinden sind als die Vorstellung eines auf Gemeinschaftlichkeit, Solidarität und gemeinsamer Verantwortung ausgerichteten Miteinanders. In der quantitativen Studie werden auf der Basis eines umfassenden Datensatzes von ca. 6700 Schülerinnen und Schülern, 3500 Lehrkräften und 137 Schulleitungen die Zusammenhänge zwischen demokratischer Schulkultur und demokratischen Handlungskompetenzen analysiert. Der hierarchischen Struktur der Daten gemäß, werden mit Hilfe von Mehrebenenregressionsanalysen individuelle Effekte von denen der Organisationsebene (Schule) analytisch getrennt. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass jenseits von individuellen Voraussetzungen – Geschlecht, Migrations- und familiärer Hintergrund – systematische Effekte der Schulkultur auf das Niveau demokratischer Handlungskompetenzen bestehen. Dabei erweisen sich nicht solche schulischen Merkmale als bedeutsam, die allgemeine Schulqualitätskonzepte beschreiben, wie beispielsweise die Kooperation der Lehrkräfte oder die aktive Elternarbeit, sondern vor allem auf demokratieförderliche Aspekte ausgerichtete Faktoren, wie zum Beispiel die Unterstützung eines pluralistischen, offenen Diskurses, die Verlebendigung demokratischer Prinzipien oder die Abwesenheit von gewaltsamen Formen der Konfliktlösung. Ausblickend verweist die Arbeit insbesondere auf methodologische Desiderata, die für das Paradigma der Schulqualitätsforschung insgesamt gelten: So wird in der Betrachtung hierarchischer Daten häufig eine Ebene, die nicht im Zentrum des Interesses liegt, ignoriert; was jedoch unter Umständen zu einer Verzerrung der geschätzten Effekte führt. Darüber hinaus wurde deutlich, dass es sich bei einer demokratischen Schulkultur offenbar um ein eigenständiges, über den allgemeinen Qualitätsbegriff hinausgehendes Qualitätsmerkmal von Schule handelt, was jedoch in weiteren Studien sowohl quantitativ als auch qualitativ – beispielsweise im Zuge eine kommunikativen Validierung mit den Beteiligten – nachgewiesen werden müsste. (Autorin) ; This work examines how schools can contribute to empowering students to participate in democracy. It starts with the observation that in recent years, the public perception of school effectiveness has increasingly focused on the achievements of students. Criteria bearing no relation to (academic) achievement that likewise constitute a normatively justified outcome of school institutional processes receive far less attention in political, scientific and medial discussions. This overlooks the fact that school does not only have to fulfill the task of conveying knowledge, but it also has a commitment to developing the personalities of students in a comprehensive manner. The construct of democratic action competencies is conceptually and terminologically developed against this background, as an outcome of school-related education and socialization effects, following democracy theoretical and competence theoretical thoughts. This multi-dimensional construct includes the facets of, for example, knowledge and interest in politics, the confidence in being politically competent, the readiness to join in political discourse, to a focused search for information and to take on responsibility in society. A specific character of the school, which is conceptualized as a democratic school culture in organization and school effectiveness theoretical terms, is predicted to be beneficial to the acquisition of such competencies. In a first step, an interview study provides the basis for a qualitative examination of the conceptions of democratic school culture prevailing among the participants in the school process, and how the democratic commission of the school is evident in concrete everyday school life. It is shown that democracy-specific aspects such as the necessity for pluralistic discourse, advancement of autonomy, critical reflection of existing conditions occur far less frequently than the idea of living together on the basis of community, solidarity and shared responsibility. The quantitative study, which is based on a comprehensive set of data gained from ca. 6700 students, 3500 teachers and 137 school managers analyses the correlations between democratic school cultures and competencies for democratic action. Following the hierarchical structure of the data, multi-level regression analyses are applied to analytically discern individual effects from those of the organization level (school). Systematic effects of the school culture on levels of competence for democratic action can be proven to exist besides individual preconditions such as sex, migration and family background. Not those features of school quality are significant in this context that de-scribe general school effectiveness concepts (such as the cooperation of teachers or active parent involvement), but rather those factors that are directed towards promoting democracy, such as the support of a pluralistic, open discourse, the coming to life of democratic principles or the absence of violent forms of solving conflicts. In an outlook, the study points out desiderata particularly with regard to methodology, which pertain to the paradigm of school effectiveness re-search itself. For instance, the analysis of hierarchical data often ignores a level that does not lie at the heart of interest, but this might lead to a distortion of estimated effects. It furthermore became evident that a democratic school culture seems to be an autonomous quality feature of school that goes beyond the general concept of effectiveness. However, this would need to be proven by subsequent qualitative and quantitative studies – for example, by means of a communicative validation with the participants. (Author)
The modernization of agriculture is under scrutiny. It is currently debated within the growing concept and practice of agroecology that applies ecological fundaments to the design and the management of sustainable agroecosystems. In matter of ecologization of agriculture, agroecological transition may be considered as a privileged pathway. It relies on two main forms: the weak (that intends to reduce the use of chemicals by alternative practices such as their substitution by biological inputs) versus strong modernization of agriculture (based on the valorization of biodiversity providing ecosystemic services). In this article, through an analysis of the technological innovations used for the enhancement of mycorrhiza (symbiotic interactions between plants and soil microorganisms) as an illustration of the implementation of the agroecological transition in France, we wonder in what extent a strong modernization of agriculture is likely to occur.This paper shows how the conceptual framework of socio-technical regime is useful to analyze the dynamics of the agroecological transition. Our demonstration relies on an empirical material (survey of the main actors of the mycorrhiza supply chain) that permits to understand how is structured the dominant system and how it impedes the development of the alternative niche. We then give some prerequisites in terms of public action to define in what extent the niche can be supported and can compete the current system.
The modernization of agriculture is under scrutiny. It is currently debated within the growing concept and practice of agroecology that applies ecological fundaments to the design and the management of sustainable agroecosystems. In matter of ecologization of agriculture, agroecological transition may be considered as a privileged pathway. It relies on two main forms: the weak (that intends to reduce the use of chemicals by alternative practices such as their substitution by biological inputs) versus strong modernization of agriculture (based on the valorization of biodiversity providing ecosystemic services). In this article, through an analysis of the technological innovations used for the enhancement of mycorrhiza (symbiotic interactions between plants and soil microorganisms) as an illustration of the implementation of the agroecological transition in France, we wonder in what extent a strong modernization of agriculture is likely to occur.This paper shows how the conceptual framework of socio-technical regime is useful to analyze the dynamics of the agroecological transition. Our demonstration relies on an empirical material (survey of the main actors of the mycorrhiza supply chain) that permits to understand how is structured the dominant system and how it impedes the development of the alternative niche. We then give some prerequisites in terms of public action to define in what extent the niche can be supported and can compete the current system.
[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To assess maternal health training priorities for primary care human resources for health (HRH) in nursing and allied health workers in Colombia, Honduras, and Nicaragua, to inform maternal care HRH strategic planning efforts. Methods. This Washington, D.C.–based study utilized cross-sectional survey methodology to collect country-level data. From October 2016 to March 2017, a needs assessment tool was developed by the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) and PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centers. Data collection was completed by PAHO/WHO country offices, in collaboration with national health authorities and other high-level government personnel. The collected data included information on the composition, capacities, and training priorities of traditional birth attendants (TBAs), community health workers (CHWs), registered nurses (RNs), and auxiliary nurses in the three study countries; the findings were summarized in a report. Results. Data on the health workforce composition in the three countries indicated reliance on HRH with low levels of education and training, with limited integration of TBAs. In all three countries, management of obstetric emergencies was a training priority for RNs, and identification of danger signs was a priority for CHWs and TBAs. Training priorities for auxiliary nurses varied widely across the three countries and included health promotion, preconception and prenatal care, and obstetric emergencies. There was also a wide range in the total number of HRH across the three countries. Conclusions. Reliance on health workers with low levels of training is concerning but can be mitigated through in-service training. Training priorities are consistent with the major causes of maternal mortality, and Latin America and Caribbean region training programs show promise for improving quality of care. In the long term, planning for maternal care HRH should seek to increase the concentration of health professionals that are more highly skilled. ; [RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Evaluar las prioridades de capacitación en el ámbito de la salud materna de los recursos humanos de enfermería y otros trabajadores de atención primaria en Colombia, Honduras y Nicaragua, y fundamentar los esfuerzos de planificación estratégica de los recursos humanos para la salud dedicados a la atención materna. Métodos. En este estudio, con sede en Washington, D. C., se empleó una metodología de encuesta transversal para recopilar datos a nivel de país. Entre los meses de octubre del 2016 y marzo del 2017, la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud (OPS/OMS) y sus centros colaboradores elaboraron una herramienta para la evaluación de las necesidades. Las representaciones de la OPS/OMS, en colaboración con las autoridades nacionales de salud y otros funcionarios gubernamentales de alto nivel, realizaron la recopilación de datos. Los datos reunidos incluyeron información sobre la composición, las aptitudes y las prioridades de capacitación de las parteras tradicionales, los agentes comunitarios de salud, las enfermeras tituladas y las enfermeras auxiliares en los tres países del estudio. Los resultados se resumieron en un informe. Resultados. Los datos sobre la composición del personal de salud en los tres países indicaron que se depende de recursos humanos para la salud que presentan escasos niveles de educación y formación, y que la integración de las parteras tradicionales es limitada. En los tres países, el tratamiento de las urgencias obstétricas constituyó una prioridad de capacitación para las enfermeras tituladas, y la detección de los signos de peligro fue una prioridad en el caso de los agentes comunitarios de salud y las parteras tradicionales. Las prioridades de formación para las enfermeras auxiliares variaron sustancialmente entre los tres países y entrañaron la promoción de la salud, la atención pregestacional y prenatal, y las urgencias obstétricas. Asimismo, el número total de recursos humanos para la salud varió considerablemente entre los países. Conclusiones. Depender de personal de salud de escaso nivel formativo es motivo de preocupación, si bien la capacitación en el servicio puede mitigar este problema. Las prioridades de capacitación están en consonancia con las principales causas de mortalidad materna y los programas formativos de América Latina y el Caribe resultan prometedores para mejorar la calidad de la atención. A largo plazo, la planificación de los recursos humanos para la salud dedicados a la atención materna deberá procurar aumentar la concentración de profesionales de salud más capacitados. ; [RESUMO]. Objetivo. Avaliar as prioridades de formação em saúde materna dos recursos humanos na área de atenção primária à saúde entre profissionais de enfermagem e outros profissionais da saúde na Colômbia, Honduras e Nicarágua, a fim de subsidiar os esforços de planejamento estratégico de recursos humanos para saúde materna. Métodos. Foi conduzido um estudo transversal, sediado em Washington, D.C., para coletar dados ao nível nacional. Uma ferramenta de avaliação das necessidades foi desenvolvida, de outubro de 2016 a março de 2017, pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde (OPAS/OMS) e Centros Colaboradores da OPAS/OMS. A coleta de dados foi concluída pelas representações da OPAS/OMS nos países, em colaboração com autoridades sanitárias nacionais e pessoal de alto escalão do governo. Foram coletados dados sobre a composição, as competências e as prioridades de formação de parteiras tradicionais, agentes comunitários de saúde, enfermeiros licenciados e assistentes de enfermagem nos três países de estudo. Os resultados foram compilados em um relatório. Resultados. Os dados relativos à composição da força de trabalho em saúde nos três países indicaram que eles contam com pessoal com baixo nível de instrução e formação, com integração limitada das parteiras tradicionais. Observou-se, nos três países, que a atuação em emergências obstétricas era uma prioridade de formação para enfermeiros licenciados e a identificação de sinais de perigo era uma prioridade para agentes comunitários de saúde e parteiras tradicionais. As prioridades de formação para os assistentes de enfermagem foram bastante distintas entre os países: promoção da saúde, cuidados pré-concepcionais e assistência pré-natal e emergências obstétricas. O número total de recursos humanos para a saúde também variou nos três países. Conclusões. É motivo de preocupação ter de contar com profissionais da saúde com baixo nível de formação, porém este problema pode ser reduzido com a capacitação no próprio serviço. As prioridades de formação nos países estudados são condizentes com as principais causas de mortalidade materna e os programas de formação profissional da Região da América Latina e Caribe têm potencial para melhorar a qualidade da atenção. O planejamento dos recursos humanos para saúde materna deve visar a longo prazo aumentar a concentração de profissionais que são mais capacitados.
Dieses Buch wendet sich an Mediziner in Forschung, Lehre und Praxis, an Studierende der Medizin, sowie an Psychologen, Politikwissenschaftler, Soziologen, Kommunikationswissenschaftler und Juristen, die sich mit sozialwissenschaftlichen Themen befassen. Es beschreibt die methodischen Grundlagen der empirischen Sozialforschung und zeigt anhand von Beispielen die praktische Anwendung von Testverfahren, Interview und schriftlichen Befragungen sowie die Beurteilung der damit erhaltenen Ergebnisse.
"Das Interview ist nach wie vor das beliebteste sozialwissenschaftliche Verfahren des Datengewinns. Ökonomie der Erhebung, Vergleichbarkeit und die Möglichkeit, Einsicht in Praxisbereiche und historisch-biografische Dimensionen zu erhalten, die der direkten Beobachtung kaum zugänglich sind, machen seine Attraktivität aus. Zugleich mehren sich Kritiken, die seine Leistungsfähigkeit problematisieren, indem sie auf die begrenzte Reichweite der Explikationsfähigkeiten der Befragten, die Reaktivität der Erhebung oder die Differenz zwischen Handeln und dem Bericht über Handeln verweisen. Im Beitrag wird zwischen Ansätzen, die das Interview als Text, und solchen, die es als Interaktion verstehen, unterschieden. Nach dem Text-Verständnis werden Interviews unter inhaltlichen Gesichtspunkten analysiert und als Zugang zu einer vorgängigen sozialen oder psychischen Wirklichkeit angesehen. Das Interaktions-Verständnis versteht Interviews dagegen als situierte Praxis, in welcher im Hier und Jetzt von InterviewerInnen und Befragten gemeinsam soziale Sinnstrukturen hergestellt werden. Anhand ubiquitärer Phänomene der Interviewinteraktion - Fragen, Antworten und die Selbstpositionierung von InterviewerInnen und Befragten - werden Praktiken des interaktiv-performativen Handelns im Interview dargestellt. Ihre Relevanz für die Interviewkonstitution und ihre Erkenntnispotenziale für die Interviewauswertung werden aufgezeigt. Es wird dafür plädiert, die interaktive Konstitutionsweise von Interviews empirisch zu erforschen und methodisch konsequent zu berücksichtigen." (Autorenreferat)
Der Anteil der Online-Befragungen ist im Vergleich zu anderen Erhebungsverfahren nach wie vor nicht sehr groß, was daran liegt, dass die Versprechungen vieler Anbieter nicht einzuhalten waren. Als Hauptnachteil von Online-Befragungen erweist sich die mangelnde Repräsentativität, da die Gruppe der Internetnutzer nicht repräsentativ für die Gesamtbevölkerung ist. Auf diesem Hintergrund präsentiert der Beitrag ein Online-Panel ('pre-recruited panel of full population') des Anbieters forsa in Berlin. Vorgestellt wird nicht nur die Umsetzung von Standards der internet-basierten Markt- und Meinungsforschung, sondern es wird auch die Logik und Einsatzweise des neuen forsa-Instruments analysiert. Dabei geht es sowohl um sein Potential als auch seine Praxistauglichkeit. Neben der Entwicklung des forsa.omninent-Panels wird auch die des Telepanels aus den Niederlanden und von Knowledge Networks aus den USA beschrieben. Forsa.omninet wird die bisherigen Erhebungsmethoden, insbesondere CATI-Erhebungen, nicht ersetzen oder verdrängen, stellt aber aufgrund der bewegten Bilder eine Erweiterung dar. (ICH)
Recent researches suggest that insecurity of access to key resources (eg: food, water, electricity) is associated with negative mental health outcomes and signs of anxiety and depression especially in developing countries. In this Master's thesis, we investigate the influence of water insecurity on subjective well-being. The data come from surveys conducted in a municipality in the peri-urban area of Kinshasa called N'Sele, as part of the impact evaluation of the PILAEP 2 project, which aims to build self-sufficient drinking water solutions in the periphery of Kinshasa. The data include 2,345 individuals who self-declared themselves knowledgeable about water activities from different households in 15 neighbourhoods of N'Sele and they are interviewed in two waves (a baseline in 2018 and a follow-up in 2019). In this thesis, we relate three measures of subjective well-being: emotional distress (represented by Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale 'PSS-score'), happiness measure and life satisfaction index, while water insecurity is approximated by the amount of water collected by the household in the week prior to the survey. In order to avoid the endogeneity of the amount of water collected induced by the self-selection of households in the area where they settle, our identification strategy is based on 2SLS estimates taking a second-order polynomial form of the rainfall shock as instrument. We also include socio-economic variables such as employment status, economics of the household, asset characteristics, and health status to control for confounding factors. The first stage indicates a non-zero impact of our instrument on the explanatory variable and our results for the second stage identify a negative and significant relationship between the amount of water collected and the level of stress: namely, a one-liter increase in the amount of water collected during the week preceding the survey decreased on average the PSS score by 0.004, ceteris paribus. For the alternative measures of well-being, our results for the ordered probit regression model indicate a positive and significant relationship between happiness or life satisfaction and the amount of water collected. These results are encouraging for the formulation of policy measures regarding access to water and maximising happiness, but above all a policy agenda to improve water supply infrastructure is vital to avoid water-related diseases and deaths that subsequently influence the depression levels, the happiness and life satisfaction of sufferers and their relatives, knowing that, according to WHO and UNICEF (2017), unsafe water and inadequate sanitation and hygiene are responsible for 88% of the thousand million cases of diarrhoea that result in 1.6 million deaths per year.
Recent researches suggest that insecurity of access to key resources (eg: food, water, electricity) is associated with negative mental health outcomes and signs of anxiety and depression especially in developing countries. In this Master's thesis, we investigate the influence of water insecurity on subjective well-being. The data come from surveys conducted in a municipality in the peri-urban area of Kinshasa called N'Sele, as part of the impact evaluation of the PILAEP 2 project, which aims to build self-sufficient drinking water solutions in the periphery of Kinshasa. The data include 2,345 individuals who self-declared themselves knowledgeable about water activities from different households in 15 neighbourhoods of N'Sele and they are interviewed in two waves (a baseline in 2018 and a follow-up in 2019). In this thesis, we relate three measures of subjective well-being: emotional distress (represented by Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale 'PSS-score'), happiness measure and life satisfaction index, while water insecurity is approximated by the amount of water collected by the household in the week prior to the survey. In order to avoid the endogeneity of the amount of water collected induced by the self-selection of households in the area where they settle, our identification strategy is based on 2SLS estimates taking a second-order polynomial form of the rainfall shock as instrument. We also include socio-economic variables such as employment status, economics of the household, asset characteristics, and health status to control for confounding factors. The first stage indicates a non-zero impact of our instrument on the explanatory variable and our results for the second stage identify a negative and significant relationship between the amount of water collected and the level of stress: namely, a one-liter increase in the amount of water collected during the week preceding the survey decreased on average the PSS score by 0.004, ceteris paribus. For the alternative measures of well-being, our results for the ordered probit regression model indicate a positive and significant relationship between happiness or life satisfaction and the amount of water collected. These results are encouraging for the formulation of policy measures regarding access to water and maximising happiness, but above all a policy agenda to improve water supply infrastructure is vital to avoid water-related diseases and deaths that subsequently influence the depression levels, the happiness and life satisfaction of sufferers and their relatives, knowing that, according to WHO and UNICEF (2017), unsafe water and inadequate sanitation and hygiene are responsible for 88% of the thousand million cases of diarrhoea that result in 1.6 million deaths per year.
Recent researches suggest that insecurity of access to key resources (eg: food, water, electricity) is associated with negative mental health outcomes and signs of anxiety and depression especially in developing countries. In this Master's thesis, we investigate the influence of water insecurity on subjective well-being. The data come from surveys conducted in a municipality in the peri-urban area of Kinshasa called N'Sele, as part of the impact evaluation of the PILAEP 2 project, which aims to build self-sufficient drinking water solutions in the periphery of Kinshasa. The data include 2,345 individuals who self-declared themselves knowledgeable about water activities from different households in 15 neighbourhoods of N'Sele and they are interviewed in two waves (a baseline in 2018 and a follow-up in 2019). In this thesis, we relate three measures of subjective well-being: emotional distress (represented by Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale 'PSS-score'), happiness measure and life satisfaction index, while water insecurity is approximated by the amount of water collected by the household in the week prior to the survey. In order to avoid the endogeneity of the amount of water collected induced by the self-selection of households in the area where they settle, our identification strategy is based on 2SLS estimates taking a second-order polynomial form of the rainfall shock as instrument. We also include socio-economic variables such as employment status, economics of the household, asset characteristics, and health status to control for confounding factors. The first stage indicates a non-zero impact of our instrument on the explanatory variable and our results for the second stage identify a negative and significant relationship between the amount of water collected and the level of stress: namely, a one-liter increase in the amount of water collected during the week preceding the survey decreased on average the PSS score by 0.004, ceteris paribus. For the alternative measures of well-being, our results for the ordered probit regression model indicate a positive and significant relationship between happiness or life satisfaction and the amount of water collected. These results are encouraging for the formulation of policy measures regarding access to water and maximising happiness, but above all a policy agenda to improve water supply infrastructure is vital to avoid water-related diseases and deaths that subsequently influence the depression levels, the happiness and life satisfaction of sufferers and their relatives, knowing that, according to WHO and UNICEF (2017), unsafe water and inadequate sanitation and hygiene are responsible for 88% of the thousand million cases of diarrhoea that result in 1.6 million deaths per year.
Purpose Rather recently, corporate volunteering (CV) has become a relevant topic of academic research. Nonetheless, there is still uncertainty about several aspects of the relationship between volunteerism and the corporate realm and research on the relationship between CV and employer attractiveness is scarce. This study aims to attempt to fill this gap by studying the influence that the perceived importance attributed by prospective applicants to the opportunity of engaging in CV programs may have on employer attractiveness while also pondering the existence of an indirect relationship between CV and employer attractiveness mediated by the individual cognition of corporate morality (CM).
Design/methodology/approach To fulfill the objectives of this research, and test its hypothesized model, the authors opted to use a quantitative methodology via survey by questionnaire of Portuguese students who are close to entering the job-seeking process or are currently involved in it, either passively and actively. Data on 238 Portuguese students was collected mainly through social media channels such as LinkedIn and Facebook and was analyzed with the IBM SPSS Statistics 25 software and the IBM SPSS AMOS extension, using a structural equation model to test the hypotheses and obtain insight into the relationships between the variables.
Findings A theoretical model was elaborated based on the literature reviewed and was used to validate the existence of a positive direct relationship between CV and employer attractiveness, CV and CM and between CM and employer attractiveness. Finally, it was observed that CV could prompt an indirect effect on the socioethical perception of employer attractiveness, mainly due to the mediating mechanism of the individual cognition of CM.
Research limitations/implications This study has some limitations that should be acknowledged and considered in future studies, namely, the diversity of the sample, as it was essentially formed by students enrolled in the University of Porto and studying mainly in the areas of social sciences, trade and law. It is also worth noting that a global analysis of the employer attractiveness attributes was not considered, focusing instead on the social and ethical spectrum of employer attractiveness. Nonetheless, it is important to keep in mind that different individuals prioritize distinct attractiveness attributes.
Practical implications Through the present study, it was understood that CV programs constitute a desired and pertinent tool that should be adopted by firms (employers) to establish a strong position in the job market. These findings are particularly useful for the area of human resources management, which is in charge of finding the most adequate applicants in the job market. Furthermore, for the variable of CM, the authors noticed that there is a theoretical lack of measurement instruments. Consequently, the measure advanced in this study represents an important theoretical and methodologic contribution to the literature.
Social implications CV is a concept that is yet maturing within the Portuguese business environment. As such, this study delivers useful insights regarding Portuguese applicants' growing interest around CV, their concerns about the social, ethical and humanitarian attributes of firms and their beliefs regarding the morality of firms' social policies and actions. Hence, it allowed us to comprehend that by developing a structured CV program, an employer may be able to enhance other essential concepts for Portuguese prospective applicants, respectively, employer attractiveness and CM.
Originality/value This study corroborates the premise that corporate community involvement activities, namely, CV, hold a positive effect in terms of perceived employer attractiveness. Moreover, it is consistent with the idea that CV programs foment a feeling of intimacy between individuals and firms, consequently creating a perception of morality as part of the firms' intrinsic traits. Finally, it corroborates and extends for the case of prospective applicants the conclusion that individuals may be relatively more concerned with the motives behind firms' corporate social responsibility practices than with the content of such practices.
One of the problems of the slow development of small and mediumsized businesses in transitive economies is the lack of coherence between the business development programs implemented by local authorities and the real needs of business entities. This result was confirmed on the basis of a survey of small and medium-sized businesses (150 respondents) on the example of one of the local communities of Ukraine. It is proved that the low efficiency of entrepreneurship development programs is due to the methodological flaw that persists in the formation of strategies of community development at different levels. Building the analysis of existing problems and the choice of community development priorities on the methodological principles of environmental analysis, including SWOT analysis, further adjusting strategies using dynamic strategic analysis and balancing of the territorial community project portfolio are not carried out, as a result of which programmatic indicators of goals achievement areusually not achieved. This is based on the example of an analysis of five topical development strategies that have been developed using a common methodology, each of which supports entrepreneurship as one of the priority operational goals. In order to increase the efficiency of local business development with the support of the authorities, it is proposed to combine the methodology of strategic community development management and the methodological principles of project management.Another problem is that most business support programs are not synchronized with the expected results of regional and territorial development strategies. The main principle «the principle of integrity, which is ensured by the development of mutually agreed forecast and program documents of economic and social development of Ukraine, certain sectors of the economy and certain administrative-territorial units for short and medium term and longer period», which is enshrined in the Law of Ukraine On state forecasting and development of programs of economic and social development of Ukraine.To implement this principle, regional authorities and local governments are endowed with appropriate powers in the field of small and medium business development, including: 1) determination of regional and local priorities and types of state support taking into account national priorities; 2) development of projects of regional and local programs of small and medium business development, ensuring their implementation taking into account national priorities, national and regional socio-economic, environmental, cultural and other features, monitoring the implementation of such programs. However, today there are no such tools, and therefore at the stage of program development are laid uncoordinated and unattainable planned results and indicators. These problems of application of programtargeted management in the mechanisms of stimulating small business are exacerbated by the lack of connection with development strategies. After all, programs of different levels are just a tool to achieve strategic and operational goals of strategies. In the absence of such a connection, the value of both strategic planning, the results of which become declarative, and the program-targeted management system, which consumes resources aimed primarily at obtaining products of projects and programs, the set of which does not create proper results, without which it is impossible to change the state of the system, for which strategies and programs are developed. ; Одной из проблем медленного развития малого и среднего бизнеса в транзитивных экономиках является недостаточная согласованность программ развития предпринимательства, реализуемых местными органами власти, и настоящих потребностей субъектов предпринимательства. Такой результат подтвержден на основе опроса представителей малого и среднего бизнеса на примере одной из локальных общин Украины. Доказано, что низкая эффективность программ развития предпринимательства обусловлена методологической недостаточностью, что сохраняется в формировании стратегий развития общин разного уровня. ; Однією з проблем повільного розвитку малого і середнього бізнесу в транзитивних економіках є недостатня узгодженість програм розвитку підприємництва, що реалізуються місцевими органами влади, та справжніх потреб суб'єктів підприємництва. Такий результат підтверджено на основі опитування представників малого і середнього бізнесу на прикладі однієї з локальних громад України. Доведено, що низька ефективність програм розвитку підприємництва зумовлена методологічною вадою, що зберігається у формуванні стратегій розвитку громад різного рівня.
The research relevance is connected with the fact that in domestic historiography the methodological problem of ways to overcome learning difficulties, associated with the lack of positive internal motivation, has not been practically studied with aspect of teaching English to students of military higher educational institutions. In foreign historiography, the issues of motivation formation under certain educational conditions are considered quite widely, however, without emphasis on the specifics of specialization of military higher educational institutions. The purpose of the article is to present the results of an empirical study conducted at the Military Medical Academy. The objectives of the article are to identify the actual motivation level to learn English among senior students of the Military Medical Academy; presentation of the main aspects in the methodology of creating a high loyalty atmosphere in English classes for senior students of the Military Medical Academy; consideration of further prospects for studies of the correlation between the high loyalty atmosphere and the sustainable positive motivation the formation for teaching English to students of the Military Medical Academy. The author of the article used the following methods: the content analysis of scientific literature, the method of pedagogical observation, statistical data analysis, as well as the method of sociological survey (questionnaire). The author of the article verified the scientific hypothesis of the study through the experiment on the basis of the Military Medical Academy (Moscow). In the experimental part of the study, elements of the high loyalty atmosphere were tested to form a positive internal motivation among senior students of the Military Medical Academy. During the experiment, the author of the article managed to bring out the high efficiency of the proposed methodology for teaching a foreign language by the example of training students in a military university. ; La relevancia de la investigación está relacionada con el hecho de que en la historiografía doméstica el problema metodológico de las formas de superar las dificultades de aprendizaje, asociado con la falta de motivación interna positiva, no se ha estudiado prácticamente con el aspecto de enseñar inglés a estudiantes de instituciones militares de educación superior. En la historiografía extranjera, los temas de la formación de la motivación bajo ciertas condiciones educativas se consideran bastante ampliamente, sin embargo, sin énfasis en los detalles de la especialización de las instituciones militares de educación superior. El propósito del artículo es presentar los resultados de un estudio empírico realizado en la Academia Médica Militar. Los objetivos del artículo son identificar el nivel de motivación real para aprender inglés entre los estudiantes mayores de la Academia Médica Militar; presentación de los aspectos principales en la metodología de crear un ambiente de alta lealtad en las clases de inglés para estudiantes de último año de la Academia Médica Militar; consideración de nuevas perspectivas para estudios de la correlación entre la atmósfera de alta lealtad y la motivación positiva sostenible de la formación para enseñar inglés a estudiantes de la Academia Médica Militar. El autor del artículo utilizó los siguientes métodos: el análisis de contenido de la literatura científica, el método de observación pedagógica, el análisis de datos estadísticos, así como el método de encuesta sociológica (cuestionario). El autor del artículo verificó la hipótesis científica del estudio a través del experimento sobre la base de la Academia Médica Militar (Moscú). En la parte experimental del estudio, se probaron elementos de la atmósfera de alta lealtad para formar una motivación interna positiva entre los estudiantes mayores de la Academia Médica Militar. Durante el experimento, el autor del artículo logró resaltar la alta eficiencia de la metodología propuesta para enseñar un idioma extranjero mediante el ejemplo de la formación de estudiantes en una universidad militar
Taking into account the complicated situation of social indicators in Lithuania, the master's final project carries out the analysis of the process of implementation of monetary social support through the case of Jurbarkas district municipality. Growing consumer goods prices, insufficient living income, high income differentiation and the associated poverty growth, aging society and decline in unemployment not all over Lithuania make up the need to ensure proper coordination of the monetary social support mechanism. Namely, the provision of monetary social support in the form of a certain social allowance or compensation is intended to facilitate the living conditions of those persons who, because of the problems mentioned, cannot satisfy their essential physiological needs. Today, monetary social support is already granted to 122 thousand people of the country, and the relevance of this problem is further confirmed by the fact that this number has grown by almost 27 thousand this year. Since 1 January 2015 all 60 municipalities provide monetary social support by performing an autonomous function of municipalities. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the analysis of cases of specific municipalities. In this case, Jurbarkas district municipality is chosen not by chance - according to the percentage of total number of recipients of monetary social support from the total number of inhabitants of the district, Jurbarkas district falls among those municipalities where monetary social support is granted to the largest number of persons (every tenth of the district's inhabitant). Therefore, the research work was carried out by choosing a relatively small Jurbarkas district municipality, which has not yet been fully investigated on this issue, in order to identify the system for the implementation of monetary social support and to provide recommendations for improvement of this area. So, the subject in this case becomes a new empirical point of view. The aim of the project is to carry out the complex analysis of the implementation of the system of monetary social support in Jurbarkas district municipality. To achieve the goal, three main tasks have been formed: to identify theoretical aspects of monetary social support; to analyze the legal acts regulating the provision of monetary social support and institutional structure; to carry out the analysis of the provision of monetary social support in Jurbarkas district municipality and to identify practical problems of implementation of this support. The first part reveals the conceptualization of social protection, its relation to social policy, analyzes social support and the basic principles of the support coordination mechanism, identifies the main features of the monetary social support system. The second part of the project deals with the legal framework governing monetary social support and provides the institutional framework for monetary social support. The third part presents the research methodology and research methods, the analysis of qualitative (semi-structured interview) and quantitative data (questionnaire survey), which includes the implementation of monetary social support in Jurbarkas district municipality. Research results have shown that in order to ensure proper and effective implementation of monetary social support in Jurbarkas District Municipality, it is necessary to initiate the necessity to change the legislation regulating this area, to seek closer cooperation of institutions coordinating monetary social support in Jurbarkas district municipality with the national level institutions and other territorially operating institutions, as well as to involve local communities more actively in the process of considering and allocating support, and to pay more attention to ensuring better quality of services in the process of administration of monetary social support. In addition, the change in the amount of state-sponsored income makes it appropriate to re-analyze the district budget when assessing the potential of the district to provide a guarantee that social support will reach all those to whom it belongs. The results of the research also revealed that it is necessary to integrate the model of services provided by the municipal and territorial labor exchange into the process of implementation of social support and to ensure the application of the methodology based on the principle of economy.
