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Attempts to show that environmental issues are becoming increasingly important as an attribute of the quality of goods and services. However, although firms appreciate the importance of good environmental practices there is a lack of awareness of how this can best be achieved, particularly in small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). Suggests that one way to enhance understanding among SMEs is to consider environmental responsibility as part of the quality attributes which customers may expect from suppliers. Presents a quality profiling approach which is based on customers' perceptions, which should assist an SME to: establish the importance of environmental factors with respect to other attributes in the purchasing decision; and evaluate the organization's performance on key product/service attributes relative to its main rivals. Discusses the role of governments and other bodies in relation to encouraging a proactive environmental approach among SMEs.

Explores how the Gulf crisis affected the potential of a European Community foreign policy; how it reaffirmed that the EC cannot go to war, through the disunity which erupted when the EC faced this prospect.

In this review of the relationship between marxism and East European transformations since 1989, we consider why Eastern Europe is so important to marxism and how marxists have addressed its transformations. We also point to similar analyses of these transformations generated by nonmarxists, and we review exemplary East European interpretations of marxism to demonstrate that the principal challenge in developing marxism in Eastern Europe lies outside its traditional substantive foci and methodological practices. We propose that in order for marxism to maintain itself as an integrated project without ignoring or dismissing Eastern Europe, it must do more than address questions of class and capitalist formation, problems that can be analyzed in parallel fashion without commitment to the normative aspect of socialism. It must also address directly the region's experience with, and rejection of, "really existing socialism," rather than dismissing these and thereby allowing socialism to function as an ontologically absent but epistemologically structuring desire. In order for marxism to develop further in East European studies, we suggest it must find a way to rearticulate socialism's transcendent project within East European lifeworlds, a task grounded as much in discursive analyses of ideologies and identities as in the political economy of transformations.

L'articolo ricostruisce la tendenza all'accentramento nel governo delle finanze pubbliche e l'eccessiva distanza fra testo costituzionale e diritto costituzionale vivente per analizzare l'attuazione del Recovery Plan (PNRR) rilevando un ulteriore tendenza all'accentramento del governo della spesa. Si indagano dunque le ragioni della compressione dell'autonomia finanziaria di spesa per effetto del principio di indifferenza e del "doppio intreccio federale". Si mira a inquadrare il tema alla luce della leale collaborazione e dellala resilienza istituzionale per accorciare la "distanza" fra testo costituzionale ed attuazione costituzionale in tema di autonomia di spesa delle Regioni. Si prospetta come i Trattati UE superino il principio di indifferenza e possa essere aperta una via "europea" alla garanzia dell'autonomia regionale. Si conclude soffermandosi sulla necessaria integrazione fra la giurisprudenza sul bilancio come bene pubblico e "la lex fiscalis" eurocostituzionale: autonomia e responsabilità; efficienza allocativa delle risorse e test di "ragionevolezza. 4.3. Le "nuove" condizionalità di bilancio europee e gli spazi per l'autonomia finanziaria regionale ; The spending autonomy of the Regions between the State and the European Union from l. cost. 3/2001 to the European conditionalities on Recovery and Resilience plan The Next generation EU is also a test on the relations between the State and the Italian Regions. This is a huge amount of resources that will also have to be spent locally. The trend towards centralization of governance on the State level already emerges from the tenor of art. 1 d.l. 77/2021, paragraph 3 of which qualifies the provisions contained therein as "directly implementing the obligations assumed in execution of Regulation (EU) 2021/241" and "adopted in the exercise of exclusive legislative competence regarding the relations of the State with the European Union". Add to this the reference to a specific national interest. The essay questions the constitutionality and EU compatibility of these rules that affect the state-regional relations by compressing the powers of the latter. The rules seem to conflict not only with internal constitutional principles but also with the protection of territoriality guaranteed in the community according to the principle of subsidiarity One way to raise the issue could be the judgment of equalization of the financial statement of the regions by the Regional Court of Auditors. In conclusion, the principle of imputability in the discipline relating to the allocation of responsibility for nonfulfillment of EU obligations, together with the constitutional principle of proportion between functions and resources, in a context in which the principle of indifference is no longer so solid, would impose on the legislator a discipline of the "descending phase" of expenditure, in the implementation of the European NGU be as consistent as possible with the constitutional principles on regional financial autonomy and with the principle of loyal collaboration

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the literature on seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) by examining the underpricing of European real estate corporations and identifying determinants explaining the phenomenon of setting the offer price at a discount at SEOs.


Design/methodology/approach
With a sample of 470 SEOs of European real estate investment trusts (REITs) and real estate operating companies (REOCs) from 2004 to 2018, multivariate regression models are applied to test for theories on the pricing of SEOs. This paper furthermore tests for differences in underpricing for REITs and REOCs as well as specialized and diversified property companies.


Findings
Significant underpricing of 3.06 percent is found, with REITs (1.90 percent) being statistically less underpriced than REOCs (5.08 percent). The findings support the market timing theory by showing that managers trying to time the equity market gain from lower underpricing. Furthermore, underwritten offerings are more underpriced to reduce the risk of the arranging bank, but top-tier underwriters are able to reduce offer price discounts by being more successful in attracting investors. The results cannot support the value uncertainty hypothesis, but they are in line with placement cost stories. In addition, specialized property companies are subject to lower underpricing.


Practical implications
An optimal issuance strategy taking into account timing, relative offer size and the choice of the underwriter can minimize the amount of "money left on the table" and therefore contribute to the lower cost of raising capital.


Originality/value
This is the first study to investigate SEO underpricing for European real estate corporations, pricing differences of REITs and REOCs in seasoned offerings and the effect of market timing on the pricing of SEOs.

The participation of Albania in Bologna process is attended with positive development in the field of securing quality, which is reflected in the composition law and in the system of national quality of security. But, on the other hand the organization and the quality of university education is in the centre of analysis and critical discourses. The goal of this proceeding is evidenting and analyzing the challenges of Albanian universities to the European space as: a) to emphasize and analyze the challenges of Bologna process as the society sees it. b) to show some possible scenarios of education in the Centre and West Europe. c) to clearly state the aim of public and private universities to the European space and the problems they may have. The exertion of this proceeding is connected to some conclusions and recommendation that are considered as an essential part of it. In this great time of globalization, the fragile economy of Albania, except the different reforms that are implemented during these last years, has tried hard to support even the sector of university education, according to the great values of these public utilities to the preparation of youth to run the future of our country. The university education in Albania is faced with the challenges of the new philosophy of life and the challenges of the market economy and also with the ascending demands for a qualified generation that will guarantee sustainable development, supporting the European integration of the Albanian economy and society. In a world that changes too fast, the existence of different problems is acceptable. They are considered as part of the developmental process. So the new century presents challenges and possibilities for university education in Albania.

This article examines the institutionalization of the European Parliament-as-a-legislature. It draws on the political development scholarship to conceptualize institutionalization and highlight the role of the environment in the development and decay of political institutions. On this premise, we argue that the political significance of the European Parliament (EP) depends on its capacity to develop strong institutions enabling it to 'exist apart' from its environment. We identify the embrace of codecision as a critical moment of the institutionalization of the EP-as-a-legislature and explore the value of the political development perspective in a comparative-historical study of trilogues in the EP. We present a typology of institutionalization of trilogues and argue that a model of generic parliamentary approach to trilogues is taking roots. While substantiating the thesis of the EP as a potentially autonomous institution, our findings also call for research into the resilience and sources of institutional patterns of trilogues.

Hearings were held in Salt Lake City, Utah. ; Record is based on bibliographic data in CIS US Congressional Committee Hearings Index. Reuse except for individual research requires license from Congressional Information Service, Inc. ; Indexed in CIS US Congressional Committee Hearings Index Part V ; Hearings were held in Salt Lake City, Utah. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This article explains how the NLRB, contrary to its protestations of noninterference with internal union affairs, has perfected its grip on union self-governance through control of the union disciplinary processes. The disparity between the Board's policies and its actions discredits the Board's proclaimed abstention. Second, this article examines whether the NLRB overreaches its regulatory authority through its intervention in the officer selection and discipline processes. NLRB regulation of union discipline rests primarily on section 8(b)(1)(A) of the Labor Management Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act.8 The Board's early decisions under this section, as well as judicial precedent, defined a narrower role for NLRB intervention than the role presently claimed by the Board. Courts increasingly are rejecting the NLRB's assertion of broad regulatory authority. The Supreme Court's union discipline cases, decided over a decade ago, initiated these judicial misgivings. Moreover, the Supreme Court's more recent decisions in Pattern Makers' League v. NLRB and Communication Workers v. Beck require a reappraisal of expansive NLRB monitoring of internal union life. Pattern Makers' and Beck ring in a new era of voluntary unionism that demands acknowledgement. Finally, this article addresses the various conflicting interests that underlie and oppose NLRB intervention in internal union affairs. The Board's decisions rarely discuss their practical impact on unions or their contribution to the national policy aspirations that unions be governed democratically and independently. The desirability of Board intervention, however, should be assessed by considering all of the legitimate conflicting interests raised: the individual rights at risk, the union majority's collective associational interests, and the wider public interest in union democratic selfgovernment with minimal governmental interference."