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Discussion begins with a look at the factors underpinning a shift in the international debate on refugee protection to questioning its legal basis & how this shift has impacted the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Immigration policies restricting unwanted inflows are reviewed before addressing refugee right connections to international human rights law & how the international human rights protection regime might usefully be wedded to the international refugee regime to address gaps. Highlighted are treaties targeting the development of international human rights standards & the human rights mechanisms of the UN. Some attention is then given to international criminal law developments have influenced the idea of individual accountability for serious human rights violations. Reparations & compensation schemes are addressed as other accountability measures to handle human rights violations. The convergence between international human rights law, refugee law, & criminal & humanitarian law is seen as bolstering the international refugee protection regime. J. Zendejas

We go to analyze the topic of the legal protection of the software shortly from three points of view. In the first place, we will see the legal protection of the computer programs, in general, in Spain and in the European Union. And, in second place, we will see as protecting the databases legally. In front of these two options, we meet with the possibility of the freesoftware, last point of view that we will treat study presently. ; Vamos a analizar brevemente el tema de la protección legal del software desde tres puntos de vista. En primer lugar, veremos la protección legal de los programas de ordenador, en general, en España y en la Unión Europea. En segundo lugar, veremos como proteger legalmente las bases de datos. Frente a estas dos opciones, nos encontramos con la posibilidad del software gratuito, último punto de vista que trataremos en el presente estudio

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ABSTRACT: This paper aims to study and expose by comparing the institution of scientific evidence and the use of the expert in criminal proceedings, starting from the structural differences in evidence legal framework between the adversarial system and the continental system, to comparing procedural details on the disposition, conduct or assessment of an expert report. A comparative analysis of different legal systems, pointing out their advantages and disadvantages, should not lead necessary to a legal transplant, but could generate new visions that can materialize in certain proposals to improve criminal proceedings legislation through innovative legislative solutions that are inspired both from adversarial and continental systems and taking into consideration all the rules of criminal procedure at Romanian internal level. KEYWORDS: expert evidence, criminal proceedings, evidence law, scientific evidence

The purpose of the article is to consider the peculiarities of investigative and judicial actions that are caused by their postponement, the inability to attract a lawyer, as well as the suspension of the preliminary investigation during the period of emergency measures taken by the government of the Russian Federation in response to the outbreak of the coronavirus infection pandemic (COVID-19). The authorsanalyze the features of the courts activity in connection with the coronavirus pandemic, which is associated with minimizing the personal reception of citizens and submitting documents via electronic Internet reception offices of courts or by Russian Post, as well as the possibility of conducting online court sessions. The authors come to the conclusion that the judicial system was not sufficiently prepared for the pandemic, and therefore it is urgently necessary to adopt a special normative act that would regulate the implementation of judicial proceedings in emergency situations, allowing to continue to consider urgent cases, including materials on the election, extension, cancellation or change of a preventive measure.

The article analyzes the system of state bodies for combating smuggling. According to the most common classification of state bodies by the criterion of the breadth of competence, there are state bodies of general and special competence. If we adhere to this classification, the general bodies of counteraction to smuggling are state bodies of general competence, which are the Verkhovna Rada, the Cabinet of Ministers, the President of Ukraine. The bodies of special competence are the security forces, judicial and law enforcement agencies. It is determined that there is no single definition of the concept of law enforcement agencies in the legislation, it is provided in various regulations.Anti-smuggling law enforcement agencies are state bodies that implement the law enforcement and law enforcement function of the state, which have the authority to apply measures to detect, prevent, eliminate crimes and other offenses related to smuggling, have the right to bring to justice those responsible for such offenses, and may, if necessary, apply state coercion. The participation of these bodies in combating smuggling is realized through appropriate forms of cooperation.The form of interaction between security forces, judicial and law enforcement agencies in combating smuggling means the outwardly expressed organizational and procedural-legal coordinated activities of various parts of the system of public authorities in the field of combating smuggling, carried out within their competence. All forms of cooperation in the field of combating smuggling can be divided into two major groups: 1) procedural and legal forms, which are provided by criminal and administrative procedural law; 2) organizational and tactical forms that do not contradict the criminal and administrative procedural law, but may be provided by bylaws.Laws and bylaws are the basis for interaction between security forces, judicial and law enforcement agencies. By-laws include, first of all, joint orders, interaction plans, interdepartmental decisions, instructions. It is concluded that it is necessary to amend the legislation in this area. ; Проаналізовано систему державних органів протидії контрабанді. Розглянуто класифікацію державних органів. Визначено поняття "правоохоронні органи у сфері протидії контрабандіˮ і відповідні форми взаємодії сил безпеки, судових та правоохоронних органів. Зроблено висновок про необхідність внесення змін у законодавство в цій сфері.

The article analyzes the system of state bodies for combating smuggling. According to the most common classification of state bodies by the criterion of the breadth of competence, there are state bodies of general and special competence. If we adhere to this classification, the general bodies of counteraction to smuggling are state bodies of general competence, which are the Verkhovna Rada, the Cabinet of Ministers, the President of Ukraine. The bodies of special competence are the security forces, judicial and law enforcement agencies. It is determined that there is no single definition of the concept of law enforcement agencies in the legislation, it is provided in various regulations.Anti-smuggling law enforcement agencies are state bodies that implement the law enforcement and law enforcement function of the state, which have the authority to apply measures to detect, prevent, eliminate crimes and other offenses related to smuggling, have the right to bring to justice those responsible for such offenses, and may, if necessary, apply state coercion. The participation of these bodies in combating smuggling is realized through appropriate forms of cooperation.The form of interaction between security forces, judicial and law enforcement agencies in combating smuggling means the outwardly expressed organizational and procedural-legal coordinated activities of various parts of the system of public authorities in the field of combating smuggling, carried out within their competence. All forms of cooperation in the field of combating smuggling can be divided into two major groups: 1) procedural and legal forms, which are provided by criminal and administrative procedural law; 2) organizational and tactical forms that do not contradict the criminal and administrative procedural law, but may be provided by bylaws.Laws and bylaws are the basis for interaction between security forces, judicial and law enforcement agencies. By-laws include, first of all, joint orders, interaction plans, interdepartmental decisions, instructions. It is concluded that it is necessary to amend the legislation in this area. ; Проаналізовано систему державних органів протидії контрабанді. Розглянуто класифікацію державних органів. Визначено поняття "правоохоронні органи у сфері протидії контрабандіˮ і відповідні форми взаємодії сил безпеки, судових та правоохоронних органів. Зроблено висновок про необхідність внесення змін у законодавство в цій сфері.