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The application of complex adaptive systems (CAS) analysis can enhance the effectiveness of coordination in international peacebuilding interventions. This study demonstrates the utility of an inductive CAS analysis approach using rich field data from Kosovo in 2010. It reveals unintended patterns of interaction across key sectors that blocked many intervenors' peacebuilding policies. Most notably, it shows that international actors pragmatically using informal coordination practices to advance peacebuilding goals also fuelled negative dynamics that, paradoxically, undermined those same goals. The methodology employed illuminates the complex, non-linear dynamics of interactions between international and local actors that led to many hybrid outcomes in Kosovo. Although the resulting insights on Kosovo's challenges are specific to the 2010 period, many continue to resonate today. More broadly, it shows how a CAS approach can be used to support evidence-based coordination and adaptive management processes in international peacebuilding interventions to improve outcomes.

Three Types of Institutional Innovations Show How to Represent Future Generations in Political Decision-Making Today By Michael Rose The choices we make in politics today, whether regarding biodiversity loss, climate change, or social security systems, hold significant repercussions for the well-being of future (i.e., yet unborn) generations. The fact that future generations have no voice … Continue reading The Independent Guardian, the Advisory/Coordination Body, and the Stakeholder Council

Estonia's economy continues to perform well, and growing incomes support well-being. However, the expansion has peaked, and growth is set to soften due to weak international demand. Prudent fiscal policy has resulted in low debt, but spending pressures related to meeting infrastructure needs and ageing are mounting. Old age poverty is high and the proposal to allow early withdrawal of pension funds threatens macroeconomic stability and pension adequacy. The gender wage gap is among the highest in the OECD, and inequalities in income and health are considerable, reflecting gaps in the social safety net. The oil-shale sector is highly energy-intensive and is the main culprit behind Estonia's high greenhouse gas emissions, but reducing dependence on the sector is challenging, as it is an important employer and meets 70% of Estonia's energy needs.

On 6 April 2005 the Australian Government announced a Productivity Commission inquiry into the conservation of historic heritage within Australia. As part of the inquiry, the Productivity· Commission received over 400 submissions from various groups ranging from state and local governments to professional organisations and heritage councils. Some of these submissions were made to the original inquiry and about half were filed as responses to a draft report that the Productivity Commission published before the final report. The end product, Conservation of Australia's Historic Heritage Places, was tabled in Parliament on 21 July 2006. The Productivity Commission's final report made several recommendations concerning conservation policy framework. The Productivity Commission report was notable for the emphasis it placed on the rights of private owners and the costs often incurred by them due to heritage listing. While the Productivity Commission acknowledged the great benefits provided to the community by historic heritage conservation, the Commission did not feel that those benefits justified the burdens placed on private owners of heritage properties. Many of the recommendations within the report reflected this opinion causing the final recommendations to heavily favour private interests over the greater community. Due to the vast number of submissions received by the Productivity Commission, this report does not incorporate all of them but instead focuses on key submissions as identified by my project supervisor. As a whole, the key submissions agreed with the Productivity Commission that historic heritage provided a large number of benefits to the community at large but departed from the Productivity Commission's report with their assertions that these benefits necessitated the conservation of historic heritage in Australia. The key submissions highlighted the fact that a vast majority of the benefits conferred upon the community by historic heritage were intangible, such as community pride or a sense of place, and because of this it is impossible to measure the intangible community benefits against the financial costs incurred by private owners. There are many instances within community planning legislation and environmental regulations that the development rights of owners are constrained for the greater public good. Many of the key submissions saw historic heritage conservation as merely an extension of development regulations with the purpose of protecting the community from harm. Regardless of the great benefits bestowed upon communities by heritage conservation the key submissions recognised the possibility of too much of the cost being placed on private owners of heritage places. However, the key submissions did not view this as a sufficient reason to remove the power of compulsory listing but rather an argument for various incentive programs aimed at transferring more of the costs of conservation from private owners onto the community. These proposed incentive programs ranged from grant and loan schemes to free expert advice to community awards and more. Contrary to the recommendations contained within the Productivity Commission's final report, the key submissions found the community benefits created by historic heritage to more than justify the potential of increased burdens upon private owners. The key submissions recognised that there was need for change in the conservation policy framework in Australia but the change should be directed at increasing governmental incentive programs and general increasing heritage support throughout the community. This report does not make any recommendations instead it is a synthesis of the key submissions to the Productivity Commission, specifically their views on the value of historic heritage and the changes needed within the heritage conservation framework. Within the submissions there was overwhelming support for an increase in the role that government plays in conservation including an increase of funds and incentive programs aimed at encouraging heritage conservation. While the Productivity Commission focused on the rights of private owners, the key submissions argued that those rights are not inviolate but are subject to the regulations that the greater community sees fit to impose. Without making any recommendations, it is obvious that the Productivity Commission's report was written in stark contrast to the views of the key submissions and any changes to policy frameworks would find much more support if they aimed at furthering the conservation of Australia's historic heritage rather than catering to private interests.

With growing economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and the importance of protecting the natural environment worldwide, the relationship between EPU and carbon emissions should be investigated further. However, conclusions in the existing literature on the relationship between EPU and carbon emission are inconclusive. This paper aims to examine the influence of EPU on carbon emissions according to the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) model. To investigate such essential issues, we conduct GMM estimations by utilizing cross-country data covering 137 countries during the period 1970–2018, obtained from World Bank and OECD statistics. Our empirical estimations support that EPU would bring about more carbon emissions, while we conduct empirical analysis by changing the system of measurement, employing alternative estimation and constructing new samples. Our study provides substantial policy implications for government participation in international treaties on environmental protection to mitigate environmental degradation.

Australia's long span of positive output growth continues, demonstrating the economy's resilience. In the absence of negative shocks, policy rates should start to rise soon, as wage growth and price-inflation pick up. Fiscal discipline will nevertheless still be required to bring balances to ...

Research on coordination and decision-making in humans and nonhuman primates has increased considerably throughout the last decade. However, terminology has been used inconsistently, hampering the broader integration of results from different studies. In this short article, we provide a glossary containing the central terms of coordination and decision-making research. The glossary is based on previous definitions that have been critically revised and annotated by the participants of the symposium "Where next? Coordination and decision-making in primate groups" at the XXIIIth Congress of the International Primatological Society (IPS) in Kyoto, Japan. We discuss a number of conceptual and methodological issues and highlight consequences for their implementation. In summary, we recommend that future studies on coordination and decision-making in animal groups do not use the terms "combined decision" and "democratic/despotic decision-making." This will avoid ambiguity as well as anthropocentric connotations. Further, we demonstrate the importance of 1) taxon-specific definitions of coordination parameters (initiation, leadership, followership, termination), 2) differentiation between coordination research on individual-level process and group-level outcome, 3) analyses of collective action processes including initiation and termination, and 4) operationalization of successful group movements in the field to collect meaningful and comparable data across different species. © 2011 The Author(s). ; SCOPUS: ar.j ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This study uses threshold cointegration technique to ascertain the relationship between United States (US) economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and monetary policy rate (MPR) of each of the four African countries, namely Egypt, Ghana, Namibia and South Africa using monthly data from March 1998 to April 2020. The impact of US EPU on MPR of each country is assessed by examining the linear cointegration, asymmetric cointegration and causal relationships in the frequency domain between the US EPU and MPR of each African country. The findings provide evidence of long-run threshold cointegration and the adjustment mechanisms towards long-run equilibrium are asymmetric in the short run for the MPR models for Ghana, Namibia and South Africa in the M-TAR specification except for Egypt's MPR model which does not provide evidence of asymmetric adjustment towards the equilibrium position. The bivariate analysis performed in the spectral frequency domain suggests unidirectional causality between US EPU and MPR of each country and that, the US EPU influences the MPR of each country in the long run. The findings provide important guidelines to monetary policy reviewers to take policy stance that would stimulate economic growth amid US policy uncertainties.

2. The dilemma of causality3. More dilemmas; 4. Concluding remarks; Acknowledgments; Notes; References; Chapter 2: "Anti-Blanchard": a comparative technique for macroeconomics; 1. Signals of crisis in the 'core' of contemporary macroeconomics; 2. Rediscovering a comparative approach to economic theory and policy; 3. "Anti-Blanchard": a comparative approach in the sphere of teaching; 4. Further comparisons between alternative paradigms: monetary policy rules; 5. Which paradigm fits better with the data? Some empirical tests; References; PART II: Alternative theories

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the decision behaviors and channel coordination of a sustainable three-echelon supply chain with retailer-led game setting.Design/methodology/approachThe authors develop game-theoretic models to examine the decision behaviors of channel members in a three-echelon supply chain consisting of one supplier, one distributor and one dominated retailer. The authors first formulate two models for centralized decision and decentralized decision. And then this paper proposes sub-supply chain coordination and a two-tariff contract to coordinate the full supply chain. Finally, some management insights are obtained with a case study.FindingsThe authors find that when faced with environmentally conscious consumers, the channel members can benefit from higher greening level; however, higher cost of green technologies would have negative impacts on manufacturer's effort. The analysis also shows that cooperation among players can improve the supply chain performance and help with environmental improvement.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings provide important managerial insights for the three-echelon supply chain to achieve sustainable goals where the retailer bears the environmental responsibility. However, this paper also has some limitations with assuming risk-neutral channel members and symmetric information.Originality/valueThe findings of the study contribute to coordination and collaboration in sustainability of supply chains. The results provide important managerial insights for the three-echelon supply chain to achieve sustainable goals.