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The author discusses the role of language within law, and the role of philosophy of language in understanding the nature of law. He argues that the major re-thinking of the common and `common sense' views about law that have been proposed by various recent legal theorists are unnecessary.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the concept of criminal professionalism. What is the essence of this notion? How can we use it in our work of identifying criminal behaviour? It is of particular interest since law enforcement agencies are special state bodies, professional associations, and special individuals who have the specific powers to carry out law enforcement activities. In our view, possession by individuals of specific authority for law enforcement may act as a factor that actively determines the committing of corruption crimes. This makes it relevant to do different types of studies designed to develop an explanatory model that should serve as a base for the legislator and law enforcer. One of the components of this model is the theory of criminal professionalism, by which one can describe, explain, and subsequently predict criminal professionalism as a social phenomenon and the personality of the contemporary criminal.

Children's social environment influences their psychological return to crimes, and it is a treatment or reward from friends which they consider right since they are encouraged to repeat their actions. The research is an empirical legal research. The results shows that The role of psychologists in Special Child Development Institutions is not optimal, due to limited resources. Furthermore, parents or families should actively supervise and limit the association of children as this will prevent them from returning to the social environment. This is because the environment encourages them to commit criminal acts. Also, the government should make provision for their development through the Ministry of Rights and human rights psychologists of any special institute for children's development.

Since the close of the Cold War, the international community has created a variety of legal institutions designed to step in when state justice systems fail to prosecute genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. The ad hoc criminal tribunals, the hybrid tribunals (such as the Special Court for Sierra Leone), the International Criminal Court (ICC), and the use of universal jurisdiction by national courts are among a new generation of courtly mechanisms designed to hold wrongdoers criminally accountable, state justice systems notwithstanding. These mechanisms represent an era of international judicial involvement in what used to be a more exclusively sovereign matter—the response to mass crimes against civilian populations. Accordingly, they have engendered a slew of scholarship devoted to analyzing their strengths and weaknesses, individually and as a group.

The corpus named law, the legal system consists of a series of complementary parts, which synchronized together give the whole idea of a system that is one of the main pillars of the state. The development of penalties was followed by dynamic fluctuations. Every epoch breathes its spirit into the legal system, which is especially 26emphasized in the punishment. It is impressive to look at the historical record of localized interpretations of the origins of criminal law. From the original draconian, through , cruel corporal and death sentences, to the original terrifying penitentiary institutions, we are considering the intention of every society to sanction "bad" behavior and protect the population and collective interests. Although many times history was witness of an interpretation of the law in favor of the government that maltreated its use, that led to a devolution of law. Although the first codes did not distinguish between penal and civil law, they still contributed of the foundations of the legal systems. The wide range of the ancient Ur- Nammu, Hammurabi's law, the ancient Solon's reforms, the Law of XII tables, through the innovative Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian, through the first European Constitutions, to the contemporary progressive laws, we get the (de) evolution of the penalty Matter. The distinction between the common law and the euro continental legal systems contributes to the different application of the same matter. Seemingly, the same system, with the same elements in its use, can still be creatively used to benefit different profiles of individuals and collectivities. Gradual but reliable development has led to the creation of a new branch with international impurities known as international criminal law. Although the eminent maxim "justice is blind" in a number of cases has proved to be correct, yet justice, the legal systems, are one of the main pillars of society, democracy, faith in freedoms and rights. Therefore, the tendency to constantly work on progress, improvement of the legal system, as well as its implementation, are more than present in every country. Keywords: criminal law, history, legal systems, codes.

This book offers a phenomenological perspective on the criminal law debate on robots. Today, robots are protected in some form by criminal law. This book presents the different rationale for protecting robots beyond the property justification based on the phenomenology of human-robot interactions.