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In the 21st century there is still an ongoing intensive discussion among practitioners and scholars as to whether, under international law, an independent right to property exists. When the International Court of Justice (hereinafter – ICJ) announced its decisions in the Ahmadou Sadio Diallo case (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of Congo, 2007, 2010, 2012; hereinafter – Diallo), these debates intensified. This article analyzes the decisions of the Diallo case, as this case is a valuable source which: (a) help to determine the approach of the most authoritative Court towards the right to property in international law, and (b) assist in evaluating the chance of defending the rights of shareholders in the ICJ. After examination, several observations are made. First, althought Guinea claims that the core issue in the case is a violation of property rights, the ICJ is not willing to elaborate on the right to property, its scope, or its content. This silence leads to further queries on the understanding of the concept of a global right to property. Second, the World Court rules that diplomatic protection based on the rule of protection by substitution does not amount to an international custom. A conclusion is made that the Diallo case is not a repetition of a standard discussed in the Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited case (Belgium v. Spain, 1970; hereinafter – Barcelona Traction), but rather a reflection of a narrowed standard of Barcelona Traction. Therefore, the ICJ is not an amiable forum for the protection of the property rights of shareholders.

In the 21st century there is still an ongoing intensive discussion among practitioners and scholars as to whether, under international law, an independent right to property exists. When the International Court of Justice (hereinafter – ICJ) announced its decisions in the Ahmadou Sadio Diallo case (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of Congo, 2007, 2010, 2012; hereinafter – Diallo), these debates intensified. This article analyzes the decisions of the Diallo case, as this case is a valuable source which: (a) help to determine the approach of the most authoritative Court towards the right to property in international law, and (b) assist in evaluating the chance of defending the rights of shareholders in the ICJ. After examination, several observations are made. First, althought Guinea claims that the core issue in the case is a violation of property rights, the ICJ is not willing to elaborate on the right to property, its scope, or its content. This silence leads to further queries on the understanding of the concept of a global right to property. Second, the World Court rules that diplomatic protection based on the rule of protection by substitution does not amount to an international custom. A conclusion is made that the Diallo case is not a repetition of a standard discussed in the Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited case (Belgium v. Spain, 1970; hereinafter – Barcelona Traction), but rather a reflection of a narrowed standard of Barcelona Traction. Therefore, the ICJ is not an amiable forum for the protection of the property rights of shareholders.

In the 21st century there is still an ongoing intensive discussion among practitioners and scholars as to whether, under international law, an independent right to property exists. When the International Court of Justice (hereinafter – ICJ) announced its decisions in the Ahmadou Sadio Diallo case (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of Congo, 2007, 2010, 2012; hereinafter – Diallo), these debates intensified. This article analyzes the decisions of the Diallo case, as this case is a valuable source which: (a) help to determine the approach of the most authoritative Court towards the right to property in international law, and (b) assist in evaluating the chance of defending the rights of shareholders in the ICJ. After examination, several observations are made. First, althought Guinea claims that the core issue in the case is a violation of property rights, the ICJ is not willing to elaborate on the right to property, its scope, or its content. This silence leads to further queries on the understanding of the concept of a global right to property. Second, the World Court rules that diplomatic protection based on the rule of protection by substitution does not amount to an international custom. A conclusion is made that the Diallo case is not a repetition of a standard discussed in the Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited case (Belgium v. Spain, 1970; hereinafter – Barcelona Traction), but rather a reflection of a narrowed standard of Barcelona Traction. Therefore, the ICJ is not an amiable forum for the protection of the property rights of shareholders.

The constitutional reforms in Russia are amongst the most significant news for Russia's partners in international relations. The configuration of international law and Russian domestic legal order falls within the scope of the constitutional changes of 2020, and there is no chance that this change will be abandoned by the legislator. This particular amendment was not actively commented on during the nationwide discussion on the constitutional reform; it drew mostly experts' attention. The article alleges that the constitutional amendment restricting the applicability of international case law in Russia is both a transient response to the instant political tension around Russia, and a formalization of the positivistic trend well established in domestic judicial practice. The positivistic trend is part of the process shaping Russia's own approach to international law. The prospective amendment concerning international case law in the Constitution of the Russian Federation will not hinder the rules expressly stated in the treaties of the EAEU. However, the resolutions of the EAEU's structures and institutions, including the case law of the Court of the EAEU, are likely to be scrutinized in a defensive way by Russian Constitutional court in situations extraordinary for the Russian State, ensuring their conformity with the unquestionable and unconditional supremacy of the Russian Constitution.

This article provides an overview of current research, regulations and international issues concerning genetically modified (GM) organisms for use as biological controls of vertebrates. There is increasing interest in using biotechnology to solve vertebrate pest problems around the world. A major issue lies in the fact that individual countries focusing on internal problems of pest management may overlook the potential of transborder entry. Animals considered a pest in one country may well be prized possessions in another, and research and management strategies should consider the adverse effects of biocontrol agents entering the 'wrong' country. There is a wealth of guidance in the form of national and international regulations and ethics guidelines. However, current legislation and agreements may not be adequate to ensure that all risks of GM biocontrols, particularly disseminating agents, have been considered from an international perspective. Major issues include concerns of transboundary movement, non-target effects and the need for an international body to consult with and regulate the use of GM biocontrols. We live in a finite and interconnected world: it is vital that impacts of potential control strategies are assessed at a local and international level, and from social, environmental and economic perspectives.

Verlagsinfo: Die kritische Einstellung zur 'Internationalität' gehört zu einem der ideologischen Kernaspekte der im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland zwischen 1933 und 1945 propagierten Wissenschaftsauffassung: An die Stelle selbstverständlicher internationaler Austausch- und Kooperationsbeziehungen traten ab 1933 politisch gesteuerte, stark restringierte und kontrollierte Außenkontakte und ein auf Autarkie und Hegemonie setzendes wissenschaftliches Selbstverständnis. Doch auch während dieser Zeit gab es im Bereich der Wissenschaft überraschend umfangreiche und vielfältige internationale Kontakte. Die Diskrepanz zwischen der Absage an die Internationalität der Wissenschaft einerseits und die praktizierte und mitunter sogar offen proklamierte internationale Ausrichtung wissenschaftlicher Arbeit andererseits ist in der Forschung, insbesondere in der Geschichte der Philosophie und der Philologien, erst in Ansätzen erschlossen. Der vorliegende Band nimmt die grenzübergreifenden Wissenschaftsbeziehungen zwischen 1933 und 1945 anhand von Forschungsreisen, Weltkongressen und bilateralen Tagungen in den Blick, die als aussagekräftige internationale Kontaktformen symptomatisch Aufschluss über internationale Austausch- und Kooperationsnetzwerke sowie Konkurrenzkonstellationen geben können

ADL (2020): The Purpose and Power of Protest. https://www.adl.org/resources/tools-and- strategies/purpose-and-power-protest (2.8.2023). Amnesty International (2022): Protect the Protest! Why we must save our right to protest. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ACT30/5856/2022/en/ (2.8.2023). de Brabandere, Luc (2005): The Forgotten Half of Change: Achieving Greater Creativity Through Changes in Perception. Chicago. Eyben, Rosalind (2014): International Aid and the Making of a Better World: Reflexive Prac- tice. Oxfordshire. Gerzon, Mark (2010): American Citizen, Global Citizen. Boulder, Colorado. ICJA; ICJA Freiwilligenaustausch weltweit (2022): Weltwärts – resilient and sustainable? Unpublished documentation on Weltwärts Partner Conference. Pritchard, Tom (2023): Google Maps vs. Apple Maps: Which navigation app is best? https:// www.tomsguide.com/news/google-maps-vs-apple-maps (2.8.2023). Maloy, Robert; Trust, Torrey (2020): Building Democracy for All. EdTech Books. https:// edtechbooks.org/democracy (2.8.2023). Mandela, Nelson (2003): Long Walk to Freedom. Abridged Edition. Boston, Massachusetts. SIPRI – Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (2023): World military expen-diture reaches new record high as European spending surges. https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2023/world-military-expenditure-reaches-new-record-high-europe- an-spending-surges (2.8.2023). The World Bank (2022): Press Release: World Bank Group Delivers Record $31.7 Billion in Climate Finance in Fiscal Year 2022. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/09/07/world-bank-group-delivers-record-31-7-billion-in-climate-finance-in- fiscal-year-2022 (2.8.2023). Thich, Nhat Hanh (1995): Peace is Every Step. London. UN-United Nations, Meetings Coverage and Press Releases (2022): Seventy-sixth session, 18th meeting (pm) – Assessed Contributions, More Support for Peacebuilding Fund Key to Meet Growing Field Needs, Speakers Say, as Fifth Committee Reviews 2022/23 Propo- sed Peacekeeping Budget. https://press.un.org/en/2022/gaab4386.doc.htm (2.8.2023).

There is a number of international instruments that contribute to the improvement and advancement of safety at sea. The primary task of all international instruments is to make sea navigation less dangerous and to reduce, to the maximum extent possible, the risks associated with maritime navigation, and hence the occurrence of maritime accidents and marine pollution. In addition to international conventions as basic international instruments, codes adopted by various international organizations are of particular importance for improving the safety of navigation. The IMO, as the main organization responsible for improving maritime safety, certainly occupies a special place. Since its inception, the IMO has convened many international conferences and developed many regulations, recommendations and codes of practice concerning the carriage of dangerous cargoes by sea. Thirty conventions and protocols, as well as a number of codes and recommendations concerning maritime safety, the prevention of marine pollution and other related matters have been adopted by the IMO. In this paper we have tried to point out the most important international codes the observance of which is imperative for improving safety at sea. Attention is paid to the role of a number of international organizations in the safety of navigation, with special emphasis on the IMO.

Cover; Contents; 1 Economic Integration in International Capital Markets; 2 Adjustment to Disturbances in Canada's Capital Inflows; 3 The Influence of International Capital Flows on the Effectiveness of Domestic Policy Instruments; 4 Integrated Capital Markets: A Review of the Implications for Stabilization, Growth, and Commercial Policy.