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This paper offers an overview of the philosophical reflections for the change of structure of the scholar public sphere in the 18th and 19th centuries, focussed on the Hungarian examples, with the idea of urbanity in the centre. After the overview of the Scottish Enlightenment, and the Kantian and Herderian approaches, it will be discussed the Hungarian case, within and after the controversy on Immanuel Kant (1792–1822). The topic of urbanitas was often touched both as an ideal-typical environment of the philosophical activity, and the real environment of the authors under conditions of an industrialised machinery of the cultural production. The next topic is the specific features of the same turn of the structure of the scholar communication in East-Central Europe, where the change of the languages of the publications has characteristic consequences and the gap between the spheres of the school philosophy and the public philosophy was deeper. The features of the specialities of the philosophies of East-Central Europe in their self-understanding within the new context after the communicational turn is the last topic, focussed on the Hungarian case, especially on the usage of the concept of urbanity in the Hungarian creative discourse about the public philosophy, and national philosophy.

This study surveys the widely held view in the years leading up to the First World War that Italy required a war to complete its unification process. Intellectuals and activists from across the political spectrum came to accept the view that Italian territorial unity had mostly been achieved by 1870, but that an Italian national consciousness, that bound together north and south, urban and rural, bourgeois and proletariat, had yet to be achieved. Many of these individuals also came to believe that war would create this national consciousness as Italy strove to expand its colonial empire and conquer the Italian lands held by the Austrian‐Hungarian Empire. Such commitment to war as the solution to the nation's various ills was instrumental in pushing Italy from its initial neutrality in 1914 to its declaration of war against its former allies in 1915.