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Individuals derive benefits from their connections, but these may expose them to external threats. Agents therefore invest in security to protect themselves. What are the network architectures that maximize collective welfare? We propose a model to explore the tension between connectivity and exposure to an external threat when security choices are decentralized. We find that both over-investment and under-investment in security are possible, and that optimal network architectures depend on the prevailing source of inefficiencies. Social welfare may be maximized in sparse connected networks when under-investment pressures are present, and fragmented networks when over-investment pressures prevail. ; Sanjeev Goyal and Diego Cerdeiro were supported by European Research Area Complexity-Net (http://www.complexitynet.eu) through grant, Resilience and interaction of networks in ecology and economics (RESINEE). Diego Cerdeiro acknowledges financial support from Queens' College and the Cambridge Overseas Trust. Marcin Dziubiński was supported by the Strategic Resilience of Networks project realized within the Homing Plus programme of the Foundation for Polish Science, co-financed by the European Union from the Regional Development Fund within Operational Programme Innovative Economy ("Grants for Innovation"). Sanjeev Goyal acknowledges financial support from a Keynes Fellowship and the Cambridge-INET Institute.

This study explains how bots interact with human users and influence conversational networks on Twitter. We analyze a high-stakes political environment, the UK general election of May 2015, asking human volunteers to tweet from purpose-made Twitter accounts—half of which had bots attached—during three events: the last Prime Minister's Question Time before Parliament was dissolved (#PMQs), the first leadership interviews of the campaign (#BattleForNumber10), and the BBC Question Time broadcast of the same evening (#BBCQT). Based on previous work, our expectation was that our intervention would make a significant difference to the evolving network, but we found that the bots we used had very little effect on the conversation network at all. There are economic, social, and temporal factors that impact how a user of bots can influence political conversations. Future research needs to account for these forms of capital when assessing the impact of bots on political discussions.

Peer reviewed ; 25 páginas, 5 tablas. ; [EN] This paper describes the last surge of Argentinian migration to Spain, which took place as a result of the crisis which affected Argentina at the beginning of the new millennium. From interviews, press documentation and statistical sources, we analyse the role of social networks as a factor which enables, in the first place, the choice of destination for emigrants from Mar del Plata whereas it contributes later to the settlement process in the Balearic Islands. ; [ES] Este artículo describe la última oleada de inmigración argentina en España, aquella que se produjo a raíz de la crisis que afectó al país a comienzos del nuevo milenio. A partir de entrevistas, documentación de prensa y fuentes estadísticas se analiza el papel de las redes sociales como factor que facilita, en primer lugar, la elección de destino a los emigrantes marplatenses, mientras que más tarde contribuye al proceso de asentamiento en las Baleares.

Under conditions of high social and political polarization, expressing political anger online toward systemic injustice faces an apparent trilemma: Express none but lose anger's valuable goods; express anger to heterogeneous audiences but risk aggravating inter-group polarization; or express anger to like-minded people but succumb to the epistemic pitfalls and extremist tendencies inherent to homogeneous groups. Solving the trilemma requires cultivating an online environment as a deliberative system composed of four kinds of groups—each with distinct purposes and norms. I argue that applying empirically-guided design principles to this systems framework provides political anger a place where its powers can serve justice without damaging the epistemic, ethical, emotional, and community resources required for a democratic path to correcting systemic injustice.

This study was aimed at investigating attitude and motivation for social networking among secondary school students in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State. It seeks to find out whether secondary school students like social networking and if there is gender factor influencing use of social networks and students' level of access to phones/computers and the internet. The study adopted descriptive research design; simple random sampling was used to select ten public and private secondary schools out of the lot in the area. The research instrument used for data collection was questionnaire. The data obtained from respondents were analyzed using simple percentage and the results were briefly discussed. The findings revealed that students engage in social networks to make friends and connect with people; both male and female students engage in social networks; students have access to phones, computers and other communication devices and the internet. Facebook is the most popular social network used by more students. It was recommended that students should use social networking to enhance their academics; to keep abreast with current international trends in technological innovations, politics, and economic, financial and social matters and so on.Keywords: Social networks, information and communication tecnology, computer and communication devices

A closed-ended questionnaire was designated to the English Department students University of Nusantara PGRI Kediri to investigate their cognitive, behavioural and emotional engagement during the English teaching learning processes that were administered in online classes. These online classes were managed to implement the government policy in banning the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic. The results showed that the students' behavioural engagement was relatively high, however, their cognitive and emotional engagement were not extensively positive in some of their aspects. It was found that the students found obstacles in communicating ideas, helping each other, previewing the previous materials, and overcoming anxiety in making mistake during the online class. The findings contributes to an understanding of the various aspects of web-based classes and the EFL students' engagement in the virtual classes. .