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Based on intercultural education, socio-cultural analysis, and decolonization and critical pedagogy perspectives, this dissertation explores contradictions in Peruvian intercultural education policy and examines the potential role that African and Afro-Peruvian thought may have in the reform of this policy. Despite redefinitions of the Peruvian state as multicultural/multilingual and the adoption of intercultural concepts in Peruvian education law, the official interpretation of intercultural principles has tended to undermine the social transforming potential implicit in intercultural education. First, official Peruvian education policy overlooks the historical and cultural contributions of non-European and non-Incan social groups. Second, it fails to address inequality and inequity between socio-cultural groups in the access to economic-political resources. Third, it restricts intercultural education programs to Indigenous speaking communities. Despite redefinitions of the Peruvian state as multicultural/multilingual and the adoption of intercultural concepts in Peruvian education law, the official interpretation of intercultural principles has tended to undermine the social transforming potential implicit in intercultural education. First, official Peruvian education policy overlooks the historical and cultural contributions of non-European and non-Incan social groups. Second, it fails to address inequality and inequity between socio-cultural groups in the access to economic-political resources. Third, it restricts intercultural education programs to Indigenous speaking communities. Archival and contemporary evidence is used to show how the substantial African presence in Peru has been erased from official history, with negative socio-political consequences for Afro-Peruvians. It presents the philosophical, political, pedagogical, and sociological contributions of the Senegalese Leopold Sedar Senghor (1906-2001), and the Afro-Peruvians Nicomedes Santa Cruz Gamarra (1925-1992) and Jose Carlos Luciano Huapaya (1956-2002) as bases for rethinking Peruvian cultural diversity and intercultural policies from decolonized, democratic, and global perspectives. Further, it presents objections and counter-proposals to intercultural education policies of the Peruvian state that were gathered in a small pilot study of the personnel of the Afro-PeruvianYapatera High School and the nonprofit organizations CEDET and Lundu. Finally, it articulates these counter-proposals with Senghor, Santa Cruz, and Luciano's theoretical inputs for decolonizing and democratizing Peruvian intercultural education policy.

El articulo investiga la herencia africana en los Andes peruanos, en la época colonial así como en tiempos recientes y actuales, 150 anos después del fin de la esclavitud. La autora presenta en la mayoría estudios peruanos y algunos trabajos basados en investigaciones realizadas en el Perú. Como punto de partida son observaciones en Cusco. Después de resumir la literatura existente, el presente trabajo crítica el supuesto general de que los esclavos africanos no sobrevivieron en los Andes y por eso no fueron transportados al Cusco. Por contrario, la autora argumenta que sí había esclavitud africana en los Andes, aunque no en números mayores por que el gobierno colonial decidió traer los esclavos a la costa por razones económicos e políticos. En su última sección, el articulo trata de los negritos, una danza popular en los Andes la que algunos investigadores conectan con la España musulmana y no con los esclavos africanos para limpiar la danza del estigma negativo de la esclavitud. La discusión de la literatura sobre esta danza lleva al debate sobre la imagen pública de los afro-peruanos hoy. ; The article investigates the African heritage in the Peruvian Andes, in the colonial time as well as today, 150 years after the end of slavery in Peru. The author mainly discusses Peruvian studies as well as some other research reports conducted in Peru though the starting point is some observations in Cusco. After an overview about the literature the article criticises the general assumption that African slaves did not survived in the Andes and were therefore not brought to the Cusco area. The author argues instead that there has been African slavery in the Andes though not in great numbers because the colonial government decided to move the slaves to the coast because of economical and political reasons. The last part of the article focuses on the negritos, a popular dance in the Andes which some scholars even connect to Moorish Spain instead to African slaves in order to clear the dance from the negative stigma of slavery. The discussion of the literature about this dance leads to the debate about the image of Afro-Peruvians today.

Since 2000, women recognized as Afro-Peruvians have always been present at the Peruvian Congress. This fact distinguishes Peru from other countries in the region where Afro-descendant women are widely absent. On the other hand, Afro-Peruvian women included as representatives share characte-ristics such as their origins in families unrelated to politics and an outstanding career as professional volleyball players. Through semi-structured interviews with women identified as Afro-Peruvian who were elected to the Congress of the Republic of Peru this article explores their routes to political power from an intersectional perspective. Instead of the traditional path to power through family ties or the paths of political and community activism, participants in this study exemplify an alternative route to being elected representatives: volleyball. This relationship, however, occurs amid paradoxes between the exclusion and inclusion of Afro-Peruvian women in general. ; Desde 2000, mujeres reconocidas como afroperuanas han estado siempre presentes en el Congreso peruano. Este hecho distingue al Perú de otros países de la región, donde las mujeres afrodescendientes están ampliamente ausentes. Por otro lado, las mujeres afroperuanas incluidas como representantes comparten características tales como sus orígenes en familias no relacionadas con la política y una destacada trayectoria como voleibolistas profesionales. Este artículo explora sus rutas hacia el poder político desde una perspectiva interseccional, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas con mujeres identificadas como afroperuanas electas para el Congreso de la República del Perú entre los años 2000 y 2016. En lugar del camino tradicional hacia el poder a través de lazos familiares o los caminos del activismo político y comunitario, las participantes de este estudio ejemplifican una ruta alternativa hacia ser elegidas representantes: el vóleibol. Esta relación, no obstante, se da en medio de paradojas entre la exclusión y la inclusión de las mujeres afroperuanas en general.

This article examines the evolution of the Afro-descendant women's movement in Peru between 1980 and 2015. We examine the development of women's conscious through other movements, specifically through the national Afro-Peruvian movement and the regional feminist encounters that have been taking place since the 1980s. Our study outlines the tensions, and points of convergence and divergence that have existed for Afro-Peruvian women in these movements. We demonstrate how these issues characterize the nature of Afro-Peruvian women's struggle and their social and political position within the realm of race- and gender-based activism. We show that this friction has prompted women to challenge their institutions and to create spaces for themselves to focus on their own specific needs. First, we trace the Afro-descendant and feminist movements, beginning at the regional level before focusing on the specific case of Peru. Then we outline the different roles that women activists have occupied within the Afro-descendant movement in-country and show how their participation became more visible within their respective organizations and, at times, in the government. Finally, we examine the emergence of a new feminist Afro-Peruvian collective that has served as a locus of cross-organizational dialogue and articulation for veteran and newer activists. The conclusion outlines important current advances involving civil society collectives. The data featured in this paper were collected through extensive archival research, in-depth semi-structured interviews with representatives from the Afro-descendant movements in Peru conducted between 2004 and 2013, and intensive participant observation.

"The Path to Black Citizenship in Peru: Ethno-Racial Legislation and the Political Recognition of Afro-Descendants in the Country" published on by Oxford University Press.

This work is an attempt to reconstruct the cultural-political thought process expressed in the essays of the Afro-Peruvian poet, investigator and artist Nicomedes Santa Cruz Gamarra (1925-1992). This investigation seeks to enhance the comprehension of Santa Cruz's contributions to Peruvian national thought in the field associated with the assessment of traditional Afro-Peruvian culture; from the viewpoint obtained concerning its intellectual stance; deconstructing and denouncing racism. At the same time, this investigation strives to trace the creation of policies fomenting social, cultural and epistemological transformation in Afro-Peruvian communities in general; for the sake of the democratic construction of egalitarian citizens in Peru. The main purpose of this study is to shed light on the complex articulation among distinctive interpretations of race, racism, citizenry and nation as means to gaining more insight on influential epistemic policy concerning activities involving emancipation, liberation and decolonization outlining their connections and discussions with Afroglobal intellectuals and the Afro-American diaspora in terms of its social-historic context during the second half of the 20th Century. ; Este trabalho é uma abordagem á reconstrução do pensamento político e cultural, do poeta, pesquisador e artista afroperuano Nicomedes Santa Cruz Gamarra (1925-1992), expresso em seus ensaios. Pretende-se contribuir para a compreensão das contribuições feitas ao pensamento nacional peruana no campo da valorização da cultura afro-peruana tradicional, a partir do qual desenvolveu seu posicionamento intelectual; desconstruindo e denunciando o racismo. Enquanto traçar uma política de transformação social, cultural e epistemológico para estas populações; por uma construção de cidadania igualitária, democráticos em Peru. O principal objectivo é explicar a complexa articulação entre o significado de raça, racismo, cidadania e nação como chaves da epistêmica política e acção no exercício de emancipação, libertação e da descolonização, delineando suas conexões e diálogos com a intelectualidade afro global e da diáspora afroamericana no contexto sócio-histórica da segunda metade do século XX. ; Este trabajo es una aproximación a la reconstrucción del pensamiento político-cultural del poeta, investigador y artista afroperuano Nicomedes Santa Cruz Gamarra (1925-1992), expresado en su obra ensayística. Busca contribuir a la comprensión de los aportes realizados al pensamiento nacional peruano, en el campo de la valoración de la cultura tradicional afroperuana, desde la cual elaboró su posicionamiento intelectual; deconstruyendo y denunciando el racismo, al tiempo que trazando una política de transformación social, cultural y epistémica para estas poblaciones en aras de la construcción democrática de ciudadanías igualitarias en el Perú. El propósito central es explicar la articulación compleja entre los sentidos de raza, racismo, ciudadanía y nación, como claves de dicha política epistémica y de acción en el ejercicio de la emancipación, la liberación y la descolonización, esbozando sus conexiones y diálogos con la intelectualidad afroglobal y de la diáspora afroamericana, en el contexto socio-histórico de la segunda mitad del siglo XX.

The denial of black memory in favour of social assimilation has dogged the Afro-Peruvian experience, burying many of its rhythms

On September 15 and 16, 2017, the Afro-Latin American Research Institute at the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University hosted a workshop of 20 archaeologists from across the Americas and the Caribbean. Workshop proceedings demonstrate how a focus on Afro-latin America challenges crucial concerns in archaeology. Likewise, workshop discussions showed the transformative contributions that archaeology makes to anthropology and to Afro-Latin American studies, including deeper understanding of the dynamics of African diaspora, racialization, colonialism, early modern economies, social hierarchies and slavery, consumerism, ontologies, biopolitics, aesthetics, cultural heritage, and contemporary struggles for sovereignty. In this paper we delineate the field of Afro-Latin American Archaeology using mainly the debates that took place in our workshop. Our aim is to highlight how Afro-Latin American Archaeology can contribute to anthropology, to Afro-Latin American studies, and to the politics of afro-reparation as well. ; En los días 15 y 16 de septiembre de 2017, el Instituto de Investigación Afro-Latinoamericano del Centro Hutchins de la Universidad de Harvard abrigó un taller con veinte arqueólogas y arqueólogos de las Américas y del Caribe. Las conferencias demostraron cómo el foco en la arqueología afro-atinoamericana desafía preocupaciones centrales de la arqueología. Demostraron también que la arqueología contribuye a la transformación de la antropología y de los estudios afro-latino-americanos, incluyendo la comprensión profunda de las dinámicas de la diáspora africana, criollización, génesis de las economías modernas, jerarquías sociales y esclavitud, consumo, ontologías, biopolítica, estética, patrimonio cultural, y luchas contemporáneas por la soberanía. En el presente ensayo, valiéndonos sobre todo de los debates ocurridos en nuestro taller, delineamos el campo de la arqueología afro-latinoamericana. Nuestra intención es, también, señalar cómo él puede contribuir con la antropología, los estudios afro-latinoamericanos y las políticas afro-reparativas. ; Nos dias 15 e 16 de setembro de 2017, o Instituto de Pesquisa Afro-Latino-Americano do Centro Hutchins da Universidade de Harvard abrigou um workshop com vinte arqueólogas e arqueólogos das Américas e do Caribe. As conferências demonstraram como o foco na arqueologia afro-latino- americana desafia preocupações centrais da arqueologia. Mostraram, ainda, que a arqueologia contribui à transformação da antropologia e dos estudos afro-latino-americanos, incluindo-se a compreensão aprofundada das dinâmicas da diáspora africana, crioulização, gênese das economias modernas, hierarquias sociais e escravidão, consumo, ontologias, biopolítica, estética, patrimônio cultural, e lutas contemporâneas pela soberania. Nesse ensaio, valendonos sobretudo dos debates ocorridos em nosso workshop, delinearemos o campo da arqueologia afro-latino-americana. Nossa intenção é, também, assinalar como ele pode contribuir com a antropologia, os estudos afro-latinos-americanos e as políticas afro-reparatórias.

"Pinto a mujeres porque soy mujer, he vivido rodeada de mujeres y por ello puedo entenderlas aún más. Es como un espejo, puedo ver cuando una mujer sonríe, cuando tiene una expresión de alegría, sensualidad o tristeza, porque también manifiesto esas emociones y puedo establecer una conexión. La mujer a través de su feminidad, delicadeza y fuerza tiene mucho poder. Es muy importante que todas tengamos conciencia de ese poder". Verona PeñalbaArtista plástico nicaragüense