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KONE, AYLIN CIGDEM/0000-0002-7305-5251 ; WOS: 000372456200073 ; The annual air quality indices are aimed at better taking into account of long-term exposure to air pollution. This type of indices offer decision-makers condensed environmental information for performance monitoring, policy progress evaluation, benchmarking comparisons, and decision-making. This paper evaluates the air quality of eight Turkish cities in view of the European Union (EU) norms. The proposed index aggregates concentrations of three air pollutants, namely sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter and it is built by using 2014 data from 20 air quality monitoring stations. According to the results obtained from the calculation, the EU standards were exceeded at 14 stations, while at six stations the situation is better than the norms. These results indicate that Turkey has failed in fulfilling the European air quality standards.

Intro -- NATIONAL AIR QUALITY: STATUS AND TRENDS -- NATIONAL AIR QUALITY: STATUS AND TRENDS -- LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: AIR QUALITY: MULTI-POLLUTANT LEGISLATION IN THE 110TH CONGRESS -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION'S PROPOSALS -- PROPOSED LEGISLATION AND LEGISLATIVE ACTION IN THE 110TH CONGRESS -- APPENDIX. COMPARISON OF MULTI-POLLUTANT CONTROL PROPOSALS -- Chapter 2: NATIONAL AIR QUALITY: STATUS AND TRENDS THROUGH 2007 -- HIGHLIGHTS -- AIR POLLUTION -- SIX COMMON POLLUTANTS -- GROUND-LEVEL OZONE -- PARTICLE POLLUTION -- LEAD -- TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS -- ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION -- VISIBILITY IN SCENIC AREAS -- CLIMATE CHANGE AND AIR QUALITY -- INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT OF AIR POLLUTION -- Chapter 3: PARTICULATE MATTER (PM2.5): IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 1997 NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS) -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- GEOGRAPHICAL AREA DESIGNATION PROCESS -- DEMONSTRATING ATTAINMENT WITH THE 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS -- RECENT ACTIONS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR ACHIEVING ATTAINMENT OF THE 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS -- CONGRESSIONAL ACTION RELATED TO PARTICULATES NAAQS IMPLEMENTATION -- CONCLUSION -- APPENDIX. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS: TIMELINE AND DELAYS -- Chapter 4: 2006 NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARD FOR FINE PARTICULATE MATTER (PM2.5): DESIGNATING NONATTAINMENT AREAS -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- EPA'S 2006 CHANGES TO THE PARTICULATES NAAQS -- DESIGNATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL NONATTAINMENT AREAS -- DEMONSTRATING ATTAINMENT WITH THE 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS -- CONCLUSIONS -- APPENDIX A. COMPARATIVE TIMELINE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE 1997 AND 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS -- APPENDIX B. COMPARISON OF RECOMMENDED NONATTAINMENT AREAS FOR THE 2006PM2.5 NAAQS AND THE FINAL NONATTAINMENT DESIGNATIONS FOR THE 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Tropospheric Aerosols: Sources and Composition -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Aerosols: Definition, Formation and Types -- Deposition of Aerosols -- Characterization of Aerosol Emission -- Emissions of Suspended Particles -- Indicators of Aerosol Emissions -- The Enrichment Factors -- Organic Compounds -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Aerosol Formation and their Reactions in the Air -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Formation of Aerosols -- The Composition of Aerosols Depending on the Particle Size -- Reactions of Aerosols in the Air -- Literature Review of Aerosol Reactions in the Air -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Aerosols and Global Climate Change -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Atmospheric Transport of Aerosols -- Impact of Aerolsols on Climate -- The Radiative Forcing of Aerosols -- Direct and Indirect Aerosol Radiation -- The Impact of Aerosols on Clouds and Precipitation -- The Efects of Aerosols on Meteorological Parameters -- Annual Variations in the Concentration of Black Carbon -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Biomonitoring of Metals and Metalloids by Medicinal Plant Species -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Concentrations of Elements in Wild Medicinal Plants from the Polluted Areas -- The Concentrations of Elements in Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.) -- The Concentrations of Elements in Nettle (Urtica dioica L., Urtica urens L.) -- The Concentrations of Elements in Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) -- The Concentrations of Elements in Bermuda Grass (Cynodon dactylon L.) -- The Concentrations of Elements in Plantain (Plantago major L., Plantago media L., Plantago ovata L., Plantago lanceolata L.) -- The Concentrations of Elements in Knotgrass (Polyganum aviculare L.)

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Authors -- Chapter 1 Atmosphere -- 1.1 Chemical Composition -- 1.1.1 General Composition -- 1.1.2 Water -- 1.2 Physical Phenomena -- 1.2.1 Solar Radiation -- 1.2.2 Terrestrial Thermal Radiation -- 1.2.3 Energy Balance -- 1.2.4 Surface Temperatures -- 1.2.5 Vertical Temperature Gradients -- 1.2.6 Gravity -- 1.2.7 Atmospheric Density -- 1.2.8 Atmospheric Pressure -- 1.3 Atmospheric Motion -- 1.3.1 Winds -- 1.3.2 Pressure Gradient Force -- 1.3.3 Coriolis Effect -- 1.3.4 Friction -- 1.3.5 Cyclones and Anticyclones -- 1.3.6 General Circulation of the Atmosphere -- 1.4 Evolution of the Atmosphere -- Readings -- Questions -- Chapter 2 Atmospheric Pollution and Pollutants -- 2.1 Natural Air Pollution -- 2.2 Anthropogenic Air Pollution -- 2.2.1 Smog -- 2.2.2 Haze -- 2.2.3 Nontraditional Air Pollutants -- 2.2.4 Gases and Particles -- 2.2.4.1 Sources -- 2.2.4.2 National Emission Estimates -- 2.2.4.3 National Emissions Picture -- 2.3 Gas-Phase Pollutants -- 2.3.1 Carbon Oxides -- 2.3.1.1 Carbon Dioxide -- 2.3.1.2 Carbon Monoxide -- 2.3.2 Sulfur Compounds -- 2.3.2.1 Sulfur Oxides -- 2.3.2.2 Reduced Sulfur Compounds -- 2.3.3 Nitrogen Compounds -- 2.3.3.1 Nitrous Oxide -- 2.3.3.2 Nitric Oxide -- 2.3.3.3 Nitrogen Dioxide -- 2.3.3.4 Nitrogen Oxides -- 2.3.3.5 Ammonia -- 2.3.3.6 Hydrogen Cyanide -- 2.3.3.7 Organic Nitrate Compounds -- 2.3.4 Hydrocarbon Compounds -- 2.3.4.1 Hydrocarbon Chemistry -- 2.3.4.2 Oxyhydrocarbons -- 2.3.4.3 Nonmethane Hydrocarbons -- 2.3.4.4 Methane -- 2.3.4.5 Halogenated Hydrocarbons -- 2.3.5 Photochemical Oxidants -- 2.3.5.1 Tropospheric Ozone Concentrations -- 2.3.5.2 Ozone Sinks -- 2.4 Atmospheric Particles -- 2.4.1 Classes and Sources -- 2.4.2 Size -- 2.4.3 Particle Shape -- 2.4.4 Chemical Composition.

2.4.5 The directional influence of winds2.4.6 Identifying atmospheric stability; 2.4.7 The atmospheric boundary layer; 2.4.8 Calculating wind speed; 2.4.9 Estimating depth; 2.5 The main air pollutants; 2.5.1 Sulfur; 2.5.2 Nitrogen compounds; 2.5.3 Carbon compounds; 2.5.4 Atmospheric aerosol; 2.5.5 Summary of pollutants; 2.6 Effects of air pollutants; 2.6.1 Human health effects; 2.6.2 Effects on vegetation; 2.6.3 Effects on animals; 2.6.4 Effects on materials; 2.7 Acid deposition; Causes of acidity; 2.8 Climate change; 2.8.1 Greenhouse gases; 2.8.2 Further causes and effects.

This product is not available separately, it is only sold as part of a set. There are 750 products in the set and these are all sold as one entity, The management of air quality is currently at the forefront of international debate. With authors drawn from international experts in their respective fields, Air Quality Management provides comprehensive coverage of the air quality management issue. There are chapters on improving air quality in the UK, the construction of emissions inventories and the design and operation of air monitoring networks. Validation of air pollution models, requiring source receptor modelling, is described, as is the use of geochemical or biological tolerances known as critical loads to determine the maximum allowable inputs of pollutants to the terrestrial environment. The first European Auto-Oil Study, which was sponsored by the European Commission in order to identify the most cost-effective means of meeting air quality targets, is included as a case study. There is also reference to the successes and problems of air pollution control in California, the US state which has pioneered the promotion of vigorous air pollution control measures. Air Quality Management provides a vital source of material for all those involved in the field, whether as a student, industrialist, consultant, or government agency with responsibility in this area