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Hispano-American civil wars traditionally have been an important factor of political instability and economic insecurity. They had been pointed out as an important cause of national backwardness and underdevelopment in the nineteenth century. However,these representations have been built with many prejudices and little study, by foreigners and international observers. New research has succeeded in clarifying the political and economic significance of the wars , and in this sense , this article provides an overview of the Civil War of 1851 from its economic and social costs,the financial and management problems involving the State of New Granada,its harmful effects on public spending and how it disrupted the rhythms of work and domestic production. Even so , this conflict,like every plight assumed by the nineteenth-century state ,also led to its agencies and bureaucrats to work efficiently and rationality, with sensitivity to public matters,and serve as a body for the management and control over the population and the territory. In any case , despite its feared effects , the war was not a total disaster for the economy. It stimulated a questionable scenario for traders,speculators and contractors who sought access to public resources in a rather restricted economic context. ; Tradicionalmente las guerras civiles hispanoamericanas han significado un importante factor de inestabilidad política e inseguridad económica,a las que se les ha endilgado hasta la exageración el atraso y el subdesarrollo nacional durante el siglo XIX. Sin embargo,estas representaciones han sido construidas con muchos prejuicios y poco estudio,por parte de extranjeros y observadores internacionales. Nuevas investigaciones han logrado precisar el significado político y económico de las guerras, y en este sentido , el presente artículo ofrece un panorama de la Guerra Civil de 1851 desde sus costos económicos y sociales, el problema financiero y de administración que implicó para el Estado neogranadino , sus nefastos efectos sobre el gasto público y la forma como trastocó los ritmos del trabajo y la producción nacional. Sin embargo ,esta contienda ,como toda situación apremiante asumida por el Estado decimonónico , también indujo a sus dependencias y burócratas a desempeñarse con eficiencia y racionalidad , con sensibilidad por la "cosa pública" y a fungir como ente de administración y control sobre la población y el territorio. En todo caso y a pesar de sus temidos efectos ,la guerra no fue un total desastre para la economía nacional,aunque estimuló un cuestionado escenario para negociantes ,especuladores y contratistas que pretendían acceder a los recursos públicos ,en un contexto económico bastante restringido.

1. Islamic Economy and Its Main Characteristics -- 2. The Key Features of the Islamic Economic System -- 3. Reflections on Licit and Illicit Transactions -- 4. Sharī'ah Rules on Usury (riba) -- 5. Restriction for the Business Class -- 6. Seven Highly Destructive Practices of Traders -- 7. The Legal Status of Contracts -- 8. The Islamic Way of Business and Trade -- 9. Sharia Rules On Giving And Receiving Loans -- 10. Zakāt -- 11. Contemporary Issues in Islamic Business and Trade -- 12. Islamic System of Banking and Finance -- Glossary -- Bibliography -- Index.

"Translation of the article entitled ""El Cónsul General Mexicano rechaza los cargos que le hacen de desacreditar a Coolidge"" concerning Mexican Consul Arturo M. Elías' denying charges that Representative James A. Galivan presented against Mexico arguing that this country has spent 2,000.00 dollars to discredit American President Coolidge. / Traducción del artículo intitulado ""El Cónsul General Mexicano rechaza los cargos que le hacen de desacreditar a Coolidge"", que trata sobre la negación de Arturo M. Elías, Cónsul de México en Nueva York, respecto a los cargos hechos por el diputado James A. Galivan de que México ha gastado 2,000.00 dólares para desacreditar al Presidente norteamericano Coolidge."

In the artiele revealed the business models of competitiveness problems, analyzes Lithuanian and foreign business models of the concept, types, structure and elements. The business model is defined as a value creation for consumers, business design solution partner network in communication and profit generation process. Approaches to the concept of the business model can be divided into three levels: the first level of the business model is treated as an abstract concept encompassing business model definition and meta-models; second - defines the different types of business models and meta-models subgroup - taxonomy; third - the business model concept is used to deseribe a realistic business models, whether they are specific to the company experience, whether the business conceptualization. Scientific analysis of the literature revealed that the business model of the structure is complex and usually consists of: value proposition, customer segments, channels, communication, partnership, key resources the main activities, cost structure and revenue streams. Business models for different types of diversity leads to their classification signs. It is appropriate for the following: business - consumer, business - business, business - the worker, the consumer - the consumer, business - government, government - the consumer, the consumer - business, government - the government agency, partnership, business - employee models. Summarizing it can be said that a differentiated business model - a key source of competitive advantage, helping to streamline the business. It was found that both foreign countries and Lithuania and successfully applied to open business models, allowing efficient use of business resources for value-added development.

In the artiele revealed the business models of competitiveness problems, analyzes Lithuanian and foreign business models of the concept, types, structure and elements. The business model is defined as a value creation for consumers, business design solution partner network in communication and profit generation process. Approaches to the concept of the business model can be divided into three levels: the first level of the business model is treated as an abstract concept encompassing business model definition and meta-models; second - defines the different types of business models and meta-models subgroup - taxonomy; third - the business model concept is used to deseribe a realistic business models, whether they are specific to the company experience, whether the business conceptualization. Scientific analysis of the literature revealed that the business model of the structure is complex and usually consists of: value proposition, customer segments, channels, communication, partnership, key resources the main activities, cost structure and revenue streams. Business models for different types of diversity leads to their classification signs. It is appropriate for the following: business - consumer, business - business, business - the worker, the consumer - the consumer, business - government, government - the consumer, the consumer - business, government - the government agency, partnership, business - employee models. Summarizing it can be said that a differentiated business model - a key source of competitive advantage, helping to streamline the business. It was found that both foreign countries and Lithuania and successfully applied to open business models, allowing efficient use of business resources for value-added development.

In the artiele revealed the business models of competitiveness problems, analyzes Lithuanian and foreign business models of the concept, types, structure and elements. The business model is defined as a value creation for consumers, business design solution partner network in communication and profit generation process. Approaches to the concept of the business model can be divided into three levels: the first level of the business model is treated as an abstract concept encompassing business model definition and meta-models; second - defines the different types of business models and meta-models subgroup - taxonomy; third - the business model concept is used to deseribe a realistic business models, whether they are specific to the company experience, whether the business conceptualization. Scientific analysis of the literature revealed that the business model of the structure is complex and usually consists of: value proposition, customer segments, channels, communication, partnership, key resources the main activities, cost structure and revenue streams. Business models for different types of diversity leads to their classification signs. It is appropriate for the following: business - consumer, business - business, business - the worker, the consumer - the consumer, business - government, government - the consumer, the consumer - business, government - the government agency, partnership, business - employee models. Summarizing it can be said that a differentiated business model - a key source of competitive advantage, helping to streamline the business. It was found that both foreign countries and Lithuania and successfully applied to open business models, allowing efficient use of business resources for value-added development.

Topicality. Economical enviroment makes a direct affect on the whole country, businesses and every personality within. Proper comprehension, interpretation and application of the surrounding, possibilities, variuos financing sources and funds are essential for operating a successful business. It is more than important to take advantage of EU's funds available for businesses in young economies like Lithiuania. Each fund and investment is believed to take a positive affect to the company and increase the value of it. It is essential to cull from information in quantity only what's most important and be able to evaluate the impact of an investment to an enterprise properly and determine the change of an enterprise value after the investment. The object of this graduation paper is the impact of EU's funds to the value of a business. Main goals: 1. Analyse and describe main theoretical EU's support for businesses aspects. 2. Describe and analyse main enterprise evaluation methods in use. 3. Come up with new business evaluation method, based on integrated value indicator, which enables one to evaluate EU's support's impact on enerprise value and measure the impact among number of companies. 4. Under favour of the new business evaluation method, evaluate the influence of EU's funding to the value of three enterprises, come up with conclusions and suggestions. The Results. Main aspects of EU's support for businesses and enterprise evaluation methods are presented and described in the theoretical part. Results and conclusions of the theoretical part and a survey empowered the creation of a new business evaluation method, based on integrated value indicator. The new method was tried out by analysing the financial data of three enterprises and evaluating the change in business value after receiving the support of EU funds. In the end one hypothesis, "European Union financial support increases the value of an enterprise", was partly denied and another, "The impact of European Union's financial support to an enterprise can be evaluated by using business evaluation method, based on integrated value indicator", was confirmed, conclusions and suggestions stated. Paper consists of 50 pages, 11 tables, 8 pictures, 22 formulas and 2 appendixes; 51 literature source was used.

Topicality. Economical enviroment makes a direct affect on the whole country, businesses and every personality within. Proper comprehension, interpretation and application of the surrounding, possibilities, variuos financing sources and funds are essential for operating a successful business. It is more than important to take advantage of EU's funds available for businesses in young economies like Lithiuania. Each fund and investment is believed to take a positive affect to the company and increase the value of it. It is essential to cull from information in quantity only what's most important and be able to evaluate the impact of an investment to an enterprise properly and determine the change of an enterprise value after the investment. The object of this graduation paper is the impact of EU's funds to the value of a business. Main goals: 1. Analyse and describe main theoretical EU's support for businesses aspects. 2. Describe and analyse main enterprise evaluation methods in use. 3. Come up with new business evaluation method, based on integrated value indicator, which enables one to evaluate EU's support's impact on enerprise value and measure the impact among number of companies. 4. Under favour of the new business evaluation method, evaluate the influence of EU's funding to the value of three enterprises, come up with conclusions and suggestions. The Results. Main aspects of EU's support for businesses and enterprise evaluation methods are presented and described in the theoretical part. Results and conclusions of the theoretical part and a survey empowered the creation of a new business evaluation method, based on integrated value indicator. The new method was tried out by analysing the financial data of three enterprises and evaluating the change in business value after receiving the support of EU funds. In the end one hypothesis, "European Union financial support increases the value of an enterprise", was partly denied and another, "The impact of European Union's financial support to an enterprise can be evaluated by using business evaluation method, based on integrated value indicator", was confirmed, conclusions and suggestions stated. Paper consists of 50 pages, 11 tables, 8 pictures, 22 formulas and 2 appendixes; 51 literature source was used.