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This chapter takes a historical look at the complex relationship between business & power in Pakistan, beginning with the Mughal Empire, moving through the colonial period, & ending with events since 1947. In post-1947 Pakistan, the development of the business structure continued to be influenced by power. Acts of "economic irrationality" adopted in the 1970s have adversely affected business for the last 25 years. Finally, Pakistan's leaders have long given preferential treatment to the business community. This has resulted in the flourishing of elite activities & the proliferation of questionable resource transfer strategies. As long as these types of activities are continued, Pakistan will fail to secure a positive economic position in the international market. 39 References. K. Larsen

This chapter takes a historical look at the complex relationship between business & power in Pakistan, beginning with the Mughal Empire, moving through the colonial period, & ending with events since 1947. In post-1947 Pakistan, the development of the business structure continued to be influenced by power. Acts of "economic irrationality" adopted in the 1970s have adversely affected business for the last 25 years. Finally, Pakistan's leaders have long given preferential treatment to the business community. This has resulted in the flourishing of elite activities & the proliferation of questionable resource transfer strategies. As long as these types of activities are continued, Pakistan will fail to secure a positive economic position in the international market. 39 References. K. Larsen

An overview of chapters in this volume notes how they challenge the rational approach that equates social movements & collective political behavior with business activity, ie, led by "ideological entrepreneurs" who "compete in markets" for the "allegiance of potential participants." In so doing, these contributors seek a return to an earlier, more "romanticized" notion of social movements as "passion-driven." Here, the process by which such previous conceptualizations were shifted into models of calculative, interest-driven action is described & located within the larger processes of the modernization, rationalization, & demystification of social life. K. Hyatt Stewart

An overview of chapters in this volume notes how they challenge the rational approach that equates social movements & collective political behavior with business activity, ie, led by "ideological entrepreneurs" who "compete in markets" for the "allegiance of potential participants." In so doing, these contributors seek a return to an earlier, more "romanticized" notion of social movements as "passion-driven." Here, the process by which such previous conceptualizations were shifted into models of calculative, interest-driven action is described & located within the larger processes of the modernization, rationalization, & demystification of social life. K. Hyatt Stewart

"The dust of globalization is far from having settled, and this will remain so for a long time. Yet, for those studying business interest politics, there is now enough evidence to conclude that due to the still only vaguely understood complexities of the internationalization process, the pattern underlying the transformation of organized busines defies any simple characterization. Most students of European integration have now come to understand that the European nation state is not in any way about to be replaced by an European nation state, and never will be. The implication is that, whatever kind of integration may be in the offing, nation states will continue to play a significant role in the governance of the European economy, although very likely in ways that differ profoundly from the postwar past." (excerpt)

Uses business conflict analysis to examine the complex relationship between business interests & ultraconservative movements in the US, described as those that go beyond the usual conservative defense of established power relations, but stop short of demanding total elimination of all liberal pluralistic institutions. The focus is on the role of capitalism in bringing these groups together in the New Right that emerged in the 1970s & disintegrated in the 1980s & 1990s. Special attention is given to parallels between policy disputes among right-wing politicians & capitalist factional divisions, beginning with conflicts between members of the business class who supported or opposed the New Deal system. Barry Goldwater's 1964 presidential campaign allowed business nationalists to regain control of the national Republican Party, laid the groundwork for the emergence of the New Right, & was vital for Ronald Reagan's victories. Factors that helped to splinter the right-wing/business coalition include economic trends, Pat Buchanan's isolationist campaign, & Pat Robertson's Christian Coalition. Future prospects for the alliance between business interests & right-wing politics are discussed. J. Lindroth

Managing Diversity ist ein neuer us-amerikanischen Managementansatz, der als Konzept zur Bewältigung sozialer Unterschiede (des Geschlechtes, Alters, der sozialen Herkunft, Ethnie und Religion) in Organisationen bereits erfolgreich angewendet. Dieses Konzept versucht, Entwicklungen in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft entgegenzukommen. Die Internationalisierung der Wirtschaftsbeziehungen erfordert - neben der Vereinheitlichung durch betriebliche Instrumente, der Zielsetzung, der Wirtschaftsreporte bzw. des Controllings - das Management der nicht standardisierbaren Abläufe in Organisationen. Dies bedeutet, die Beobachtung und Initiierung der interkulturellen Kommunikation in und zwischen den Unternehmenseinheiten anzuleiten. Eine demografisch bedingte Heterogenisierung der Mitarbeiterschaft bedarf der Erhöhung der sozialen Kompetenz zum Umgang mit unterschiedlichen Kulturen, Lebensstilen und Verhaltensweisen. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt die Arbeit mit Studierenden zur Erlangung dieser interkultureller Kommunikationsfähigkeit. Der Autor berichtet von seinen Erfahrungen an der Norwegian School of Management. Dabei lenkt er den Blick vor allem auf die Möglichkeiten der Entwicklung sozialer Kompetenz. (ICA).