From underground to mainstream – evolution of Polish black metal in the 21st century
Black metal in the 21st century, especially In Poland is resurrecting. The 1990's was a rough time for this musical genre due to its rebellious nature. Modern black metal, highly developed by polish bands, is highly different than its generic predecessor. What is observed is an innovative direction to black metal form and content which structures an avant-garde genre, aspiring to enter the popular culture.
Views on the institution of direct democracy have changed during the period of democratic transition. The various advantages and positive effects of direct democracy have been confirmed by the practice of some democratic countries. Its educational and political activation value for society was also noted, without which civil society cannot form. The referendum is especially treated as the purest form of correlation between the views of society and the decisions of its representatives. In a situation where two representative bodies are present – the parliament and the president – a referendum is considered a means of resolving disputes between them in important state affairs. The referendum is nowadays becoming more than just a binding or consultative opinion on a legislative act, especially a constitution. First and foremost, it is important to see the extension of the type and scope of issues that are subject to direct voting. Apart from the traditional, i.e., constitutional changes, polarising issues that raise considerable emotion have become the subject of referenda. Problems of this type include, in particular, moral issues, membership in international organisations, and so-called 'New Policy'. This article presents the role and importance of the referendum as an institution shaping the democratic systems of the Black Sea Region.
The voice of the precursor of heavy metal sound. About the Tony Iommi's autobiography "Iron man". "My journey through heaven and hell with Black Sabbath"
This article focuses on the some aspects of the autobiography of heavy metal music precursor Tony Iommi. Text Iron man. My journey through the sky and hell with Black Sabbath was considered in the context of category of autobiographical memory. Special attention was paid to the main characters of narrative and to the specific and crucial events of the artist's life.
The geopolitical rivalry and the clash of interests between the superpowers have been present in the Black Sea region for centuries. During the Cold War when the East-West divide was at its height, the Black Sea was "excluded" from geopolitical competition between the superpowers as it became the domain of mainly one player – the Soviet Union. The dismantling of the Pax Sovietica and the subsequent collapse of the Cold War gave rise to a new geopolitical situation in the Black Sea region. The former USSR was superseded by the Russian Federation and other political entities independent from Russia, yet having strong bonds with the region both in terms of geography and their political and cultural interests. These were new states like Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, but also former Soviet satellite states such as Bulgaria and Romania. In other words, the collapse of the USSR entailed the emergence of a new system of geopolitical power in the post-Soviet space.
Yersinia pestis (formerly Pasteurella pestis) is a type of bacterium. It is believed to have been responsible for plagues of the early 1300s. More accurately, it is a Gram-negative rod-shaped coccobacillus. It is a facultative anaerobe that can infect humans and other animals. Human Y. pestis infection takes three main forms: pneumonic, septicemic, and bubonic plagues. All three forms are widely believed to have been responsible for a number of high-mortality epidemics throughout human history, including the Justinianic Plague of the sixth century and the Black Death that accounted for the death of at least one-third of the European population between 1347 and 1353. It has now been shown conclusively that these plagues originated in rodent populations in China. More recently, Y. pestis has gained attention as a possible biological warfare agent and the CDC has classified it as a category A pathogen requiring preparation for a possible terrorist attack. Every year, thousands of cases of plague are still reported to the World Health Organization, although, with proper treatment, the prognosis for victims is now much better. A five- to six-fold increase in cases occurred in Asia during the time of the Vietnam war, possibly due to the disruption of ecosystems and closer proximity between people and animals. Plague also has a detrimental effect on non-human mammals. In the United States of America, animals such as the black-tailed prairie dog and the endangered black-footed ferret are under threat from the disease.
The article explores Turkey's ambitions to assume a proactive role as a mediator in the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war. Positioned as a middle power striving to enhance its global standing, Turkey has dedicated itself to striking a delicate balance between Russia and Ukraine in its foreign policy. This is exemplified by Ankara's engagement in an ambiguous cooperative rivalry with Russia while strengthening its partnership with Ukraine, including military cooperation in the Black Sea Region. Given these circumstances, Turkey sees itself as naturally inclined to act as a facilitator in brokering a ceasefire and bringing about peace between the two conflicting parties. Some successes have already been achieved, with the grain initiative being a primary example thereof.
The aim of this article was to portray the complexity of the crisis/war in Ukraine, an event that has shaken Europe more than any other since World War II. The complexity of the crisis could be located in the involvement of external powers (Russia, US, NATO, EU, Turkey, etc.). Zbigniew Brzezinski throws light on the geopolitical significance of Ukraine in the context of the tendency of great powers to secure dominance in Eurasia. Brzezinski assigned Ukraine as a "pivotal" figure on the "Eurasian chessboard" due to its vital geostrategic position, major resources, access to the Black Sea, and importance for Russian strategic interests. In terms of a realist perspective and geopolitical thoughts, Brzezinski's writings still represent a valuable asset in the analysis of the current crisis in Ukraine.
Disciplined bodies or transgressive subjects. Somatoesthetics of fictional death and black metal bands
The performances of metal music gropus kind be described as a spectacles of a high degree of symbolic convention, which is paradoxically intended to cause the effect of constant authenticity among spectators and listeners. However, it is diffucult to find any kind of material that shows behind-the-scenes existance of those gropus, we can find critical reflection on the phenomenon of behind-the-scenes discipline in meta-music texts, such as comics and animations devoted to the biographies of fictional music groups. These texts transgress the problem of the masochistic spectacle of the body fictional authenticity of the musical groups. Examples of such texts are the Japanese animation Detroit Metal City (2008) and the Polish comic Będziesz smażyć się w Piekle by Krzysztof "Prosiak" Owedyk (2016).
The origin of the Latin adverbs ending with -iter remains unclear. They derived primitively not only from adjectives of the third declension, but also from many adjectives of declensions I and II (cf. Leumann 1963: 299; Hartleb-Kropidło 1999). Researchers did not take into account the possibility that the Latin suffix -iter (typical of adverbs) may be genetically identical with the Celtic suffix *-itri-, which characterizes the so called EQUATIVE degree (Lat. aequativus) of the adjectives in the Insular Celtic languages. Most Indo-European languages do not demonstrate such an adjectival formation. It is traditionally suggested that the Celtic languages introduced a grammatical innovation. Also the Latin adverbs ending with -iter appear to be absent in different Indo-European languages. However, it is possible to demonstrate that these two formations (attested in Latin and Celtic, respectively) are genetically related. The Insular Celtic adjective has three degrees of comparison: the equative, the comparative and the superlative (Pokorny 1914: 71–72; Thurneysen 1980: 232). The degree of equality is realized by an adjective with the suffix *-itri- (hence OIr. –ithir, -idir), which is followed by the accusative of the noun. The equative denotes that the person or thing referred to possesses a certain quality in THE SAME degree as that with which he or it is compared. The latter is put in the accusative case(e.g. gilithir gruth 'as white as milk [acc.]') or expressed by a conjuctionless clause, e.g. OIr. soilsidir bid hi lugburt 'as bright (as if) it were in a garden'; is firithir ad fiadar 'it is as true (as) is reported' (Thurneysen 1980: 232). Further examples: OIr. denithir 'as hasty, as swift' (< OIr. dían 'hasty, swift'); demnithir 'as certain' (< demin 'certain'); erlamaidir 'as ready' (< erlam 'ready'); firithir 'as true' (< fir 'true' = Lat. vērus); lerithir 'as eager, as diligent' (< ler 'eager, diligent'); lethithir, lethidir 'as broad' (< lethan 'broad'); remithir'as thick' (< remur 'thick'); soirbithir, soirbidir 'as easy' (< soirb 'easy'); suthainidir 'as lasting' (< suthain 'lasting'); tresithir 'as strong' (< tren 'strong'); Middle Welsh gwennet 'as white' (< gwenn 'white'), kynduhet 'as black' (< du 'black'). According to the present author, the equative existed in Proto-Indo-European and it was created by the suffix *-teros (in the central area) and also *-itri- (in the western area). The Latin adverbs ending with -iter was used to create a similaritative formula, which seems analogous to the equative degree of adjective in the Insular Celtic languages. ; The origin of the Latin adverbs ending with -iter remains unclear. They derived primitively not only from adjectives of the third declension, but also from many adjectives of declensions I and II (cf. Leumann 1963: 299; Hartleb-Kropidło 1999). Researchers did not take into account the possibility that the Latin suffix -iter (typical of adverbs) may be genetically identical with the Celtic suffix *-itri-, which characterizes the so called EQUATIVE degree (Lat. aequativus) of the adjectives in the Insular Celtic languages. Most Indo-European languages do not demonstrate such an adjectival formation. It is traditionally suggested that the Celtic languages introduced a grammatical innovation. Also the Latin adverbs ending with -iter appear to be absent in different Indo-European languages. However, it is possible to demonstrate that these two formations (attested in Latin and Celtic, respectively) are genetically related. The Insular Celtic adjective has three degrees of comparison: the equative, the comparative and the superlative (Pokorny 1914: 71–72; Thurneysen 1980: 232). The degree of equality is realized by an adjective with the suffix *-itri- (hence OIr. –ithir, -idir), which is followed by the accusative of the noun. The equative denotes that the person or thing referred to possesses a certain quality in THE SAME degree as that with which he or it is compared. The latter is put in the accusative case(e.g. gilithir gruth 'as white as milk [acc.]') or expressed by a conjuctionless clause, e.g. OIr. soilsidir bid hi lugburt 'as bright (as if) it were in a garden'; is firithir ad fiadar 'it is as true (as) is reported' (Thurneysen 1980: 232). Further examples: OIr. denithir 'as hasty, as swift' (< OIr. dían 'hasty, swift'); demnithir 'as certain' (< demin 'certain'); erlamaidir 'as ready' (< erlam 'ready'); firithir 'as true' (< fir 'true' = Lat. vērus); lerithir 'as eager, as diligent' (< ler 'eager, diligent'); lethithir, lethidir 'as broad' (< lethan 'broad'); remithir'as thick' (< remur 'thick'); soirbithir, soirbidir 'as easy' (< soirb 'easy'); suthainidir 'as lasting' (< suthain 'lasting'); tresithir 'as strong' (< tren 'strong'); Middle Welsh gwennet 'as white' (< gwenn 'white'), kynduhet 'as black' (< du 'black'). According to the present author, the equative existed in Proto-Indo-European and it was created by the suffix *-teros (in the central area) and also *-itri- (in the western area). The Latin adverbs ending with -iter was used to create a similaritative formula, which seems analogous to the equative degree of adjective in the Insular Celtic languages
The origin of the Latin adverbs ending with -iter remains unclear. They derived primitively not only from adjectives of the third declension, but also from many adjectives of declensions I and II (cf. Leumann 1963: 299; Hartleb-Kropidło 1999). Researchers did not take into account the possibility that the Latin suffix -iter (typical of adverbs) may be genetically identical with the Celtic suffix *-itri-, which characterizes the so called EQUATIVE degree (Lat. aequativus) of the adjectives in the Insular Celtic languages. Most Indo-European languages do not demonstrate such an adjectival formation. It is traditionally suggested that the Celtic languages introduced a grammatical innovation. Also the Latin adverbs ending with -iter appear to be absent in different Indo-European languages. However, it is possible to demonstrate that these two formations (attested in Latin and Celtic, respectively) are genetically related. The Insular Celtic adjective has three degrees of comparison: the equative, the comparative and the superlative (Pokorny 1914: 71–72; Thurneysen 1980: 232). The degree of equality is realized by an adjective with the suffix *-itri- (hence OIr. –ithir, -idir), which is followed by the accusative of the noun. The equative denotes that the person or thing referred to possesses a certain quality in THE SAME degree as that with which he or it is compared. The latter is put in the accusative case(e.g. gilithir gruth 'as white as milk [acc.]') or expressed by a conjuctionless clause, e.g. OIr. soilsidir bid hi lugburt 'as bright (as if) it were in a garden'; is firithir ad fiadar 'it is as true (as) is reported' (Thurneysen 1980: 232). Further examples: OIr. denithir 'as hasty, as swift' (< OIr. dían 'hasty, swift'); demnithir 'as certain' (< demin 'certain'); erlamaidir 'as ready' (< erlam 'ready'); firithir 'as true' (< fir 'true' = Lat. vērus); lerithir 'as eager, as diligent' (< ler 'eager, diligent'); lethithir, lethidir 'as broad' (< lethan 'broad'); remithir'as thick' (< remur 'thick'); soirbithir, soirbidir 'as easy' (< soirb 'easy'); suthainidir 'as lasting' (< suthain 'lasting'); tresithir 'as strong' (< tren 'strong'); Middle Welsh gwennet 'as white' (< gwenn 'white'), kynduhet 'as black' (< du 'black'). According to the present author, the equative existed in Proto-Indo-European and it was created by the suffix *-teros (in the central area) and also *-itri- (in the western area). The Latin adverbs ending with -iter was used to create a similaritative formula, which seems analogous to the equative degree of adjective in the Insular Celtic languages ; The origin of the Latin adverbs ending with -iter remains unclear. They derived primitively not only from adjectives of the third declension, but also from many adjectives of declensions I and II (cf. Leumann 1963: 299; Hartleb-Kropidło 1999). Researchers did not take into account the possibility that the Latin suffix -iter (typical of adverbs) may be genetically identical with the Celtic suffix *-itri-, which characterizes the so called EQUATIVE degree (Lat. aequativus) of the adjectives in the Insular Celtic languages. Most Indo-European languages do not demonstrate such an adjectival formation. It is traditionally suggested that the Celtic languages introduced a grammatical innovation. Also the Latin adverbs ending with -iter appear to be absent in different Indo-European languages. However, it is possible to demonstrate that these two formations (attested in Latin and Celtic, respectively) are genetically related. The Insular Celtic adjective has three degrees of comparison: the equative, the comparative and the superlative (Pokorny 1914: 71–72; Thurneysen 1980: 232). The degree of equality is realized by an adjective with the suffix *-itri- (hence OIr. –ithir, -idir), which is followed by the accusative of the noun. The equative denotes that the person or thing referred to possesses a certain quality in THE SAME degree as that with which he or it is compared. The latter is put in the accusative case(e.g. gilithir gruth 'as white as milk [acc.]') or expressed by a conjuctionless clause, e.g. OIr. soilsidir bid hi lugburt 'as bright (as if) it were in a garden'; is firithir ad fiadar 'it is as true (as) is reported' (Thurneysen 1980: 232). Further examples: OIr. denithir 'as hasty, as swift' (< OIr. dían 'hasty, swift'); demnithir 'as certain' (< demin 'certain'); erlamaidir 'as ready' (< erlam 'ready'); firithir 'as true' (< fir 'true' = Lat. vērus); lerithir 'as eager, as diligent' (< ler 'eager, diligent'); lethithir, lethidir 'as broad' (< lethan 'broad'); remithir'as thick' (< remur 'thick'); soirbithir, soirbidir 'as easy' (< soirb 'easy'); suthainidir 'as lasting' (< suthain 'lasting'); tresithir 'as strong' (< tren 'strong'); Middle Welsh gwennet 'as white' (< gwenn 'white'), kynduhet 'as black' (< du 'black'). According to the present author, the equative existed in Proto-Indo-European and it was created by the suffix *-teros (in the central area) and also *-itri- (in the western area). The Latin adverbs ending with -iter was used to create a similaritative formula, which seems analogous to the equative degree of adjective in the Insular Celtic languages.
Since 2015, Polish foreign policy has witnessed a gradual rise in the significance of regional cooperation, as reflected in its enthusiasm for the Three Seas Initiative (TSI)1. The Initiative constitutes an in statu nascendi undertaking, one which aims to consolidate cooperation among states located in the region between the Baltic, Black, and Adriatic Seas. (In Poland, a popular acronym to denote the project is the "ABC initiative," which reflects the Polish names of these bodies of water [i.e., Adriatyk, Bałtyk, Czarne]. However, itmust be emphasized that the member states of the TSI do not operate invacuum, but rather within a broader institutional framework that includes the European Union, the Central European Initiative, and the Visegrád Group. This paper begins by outlining the prospective geopolitical determinants that will determine the success or failure of the TSI, with particular attention paid to issues of regional security. It concludes by analysing how the Initiative may become a new model for regional cooperation.
When the political camp centred on the Law and Justice party (PiS) came to power in 2015, it led to a change in priorities in Polish foreign policy. The Three Seas Initiative (TSI), understood as closer cooperation between eastern states of the European Union in the area between the Baltic, Adriatic, and Black seas, has become a new instrument of foreign policy. The initiative demonstrates the growing importance of Central and Eastern Europe in the global game of great powers. The region has become a subject of rivalry, not only between the United States and Russia but also China. Therefore, the main objective of this article is to try to describe the importance of the region to Germany and how Germany's stance on the TSI has evolved. The article consists of three parts, an introduction to the issues, the genesis of the TSI, and the definition of goals set by the states participating in this initiative, as well as analysis of the German stance towards the initiative since its development in 2015. The theories of geopolitics and neorealism are used as the theoretical basis for the analysis.
The Institute for Scholarly Research on Eastern Europe in Wilno functioned from 1930 to 1939. It was established on the initiative of Stefan Ehrenkreutz and other professors of the Department of Law and Social Sciences at Stefan Batory University in Wilno. A Higher School of Political Science was established at the same time as the Institute. Members of the Institute consisted of notable Polish scholars, writers, journalists along with social and political activists. The Institute's purpose was to conduct research on economic, cultural, social and political questions, to research the formation of government structures in the lands between the Baltic and Black Seas, as well as to study the peoples of these lands and to propagate this knowledge. In this connection the Institute acquired impressive library collections of the newest literature on these topics. It organized public readings and presentations. It published two scholarly magazines, "The Yearbook of the Institute for Scholarly Research on Eastern Europe in Wilno" and "Balticoslavica", along with a series of books. It formed and maintained contacts with many scholars, institutions and academic associations both in Poland and abroad. In the relative short period of time during which it operated, the Institute became an important scholarly center and made a significant contribution to the research of events, politics, culture and the economies of neighboring countries.
