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BOLIVIA SOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES -- BOLIVIA SOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 INDEPENDENT BOLIVIA: HISTORY, CULTURE, POLITICS, ECONOMICS AND INDIGENOUS TERRITORIES IN CHIQUITANIA IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE FORMATION OF THE BOLIVIAN STATE AND THE INDIGENOUS PRESENCE IN CHIQUITANIA -- THE EXPULSION OF THE JESUITS AND THE SITUATION OF THE INDIANS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 EASTERN BORDERS OF BOLIVIA: EARLY DECADES OF THE 19TH CENTURY -- ABSTRACT

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS: GAS PRICE REPRIEVE -- OUTLOOK: VULNERABILITIES UNDERLIE ROBUST GROWTH -- POLICY ISSUES: DEFINITIVE CHANGE NEEDED -- A. Policy Consistency and Sustainability-the Guiding Principles -- B. A Roadmap for Sustainable Fiscal Policy -- C. Social Policies-An Updated Strategy -- D. Monetary Policy: Simplify and Tighten as Needed -- E. Reforms Needed to Raise Competitiveness -- F. Governance and Efficiency to Bring Activity into the Formal Sector -- G. Financial Stability and Financial Inclusion -- H. Data Issues -- AUTHORITIES' VIEWS -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Past IMF Policy Recommendations -- 2. Spillovers from Argentina and Brazil in the near-term -- FIGURES -- 1. Real Sector Developments -- 2. Fiscal Sector Developments -- 3. External Sector Developments -- 4. Monetary Developments -- 5. Financial Sector Developments -- 6. Cross-Country Financial Soundness Indicators -- 7. Structural Reforms and External Competitiveness -- TABLES -- 1. Past Fund Policy Recommendations -- 2. Selected Economic and Financial Indicators -- 3. Operations of the Combined Public Sector -- 4. Non-Financial Public Sector Total Debt -- 5. Financial System Survey -- 6. Summary Balance of Payments -- 7. External Vulnerability Indicators -- 8. Risk Assessment Matrix -- 9. Sustainable Development Goals -- ANNEXES -- I. Public Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) -- II. External Sector Assessment -- III. A Proposed Fiscal Rule for Bolivia -- IV. Governance Issues and Options -- V. Impact of the Financial Services Law -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES

In recent years, the IMF has released a growing number of reports and other documents covering economic and financial developments and trends in member countries. Each report, prepared by a staff team after discussions with government officials, is published at the option of the member country

KEY ISSUESContext. Since the mid-2000s, macroeconomic stability supported by high world commodity prices and active social policies have contributed to nearly tripling income per capita and reducing poverty in Bolivia. Prudent fiscal policies allowed saving a sizable portion of the hydrocarbon revenue windfall, improving the resilience of the economy to adverse external shocks. Reflecting this, Bolivia was one of few countries in Latin America that sustained positive growth during the global crisis of 2008?09 and weathered well the recent regional slowdown.Recent developments and outlook. Real